Table 1.
Summary of encapsulation technologies with diverse materials and MSC types for different target tissues
| Technologies | Benefits and limitations | Materials | MSC type | Target tissue | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micromolding | Benefits: • Controlled shape • Controlled size Limitations: • Batch process |
Fibrin | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Blood vessel | [36] | |
| Alginate | Bone marrow-derived stem cell | Non-specific | [37] | |||
| Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel | Human mesenchymal stem cells | Non-specific | [38] | |||
| Electrostatic droplet extrusion | Benefits: • Controlled droplet size • Uniform droplet size Limitations: • Materials constraints |
Alginate | Rat adipose-derived stem cell | Non-specific | [50] | |
| Alginate | Human adipose-derived stem cell | Non-specific | [51] | |||
| Alginate-lyase | Rat adipose-derived stem cell | Bone | [85] | |||
| Microfluidics | Droplet | Benefits: • Controlled monodispersity • Controlled dimensions and shape Limitations: • Non-scalable |
Gelatin norbornene (GelNB) and PEG | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Hyaline cartilage | [60] |
| Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) | Rat bone marrow-derived stem cell | Bone | [61] | |||
| Alginate/RGD-alginate | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Bone | [87] | |||
| RGD-alginate | Human periodontal ligament stem cell/gingival mesenchymal stem cell | Cartilage | [84] | |||
| Microfiber | Benefits: • Homogeneous • Continuous Limitations: • Flow friction • Clogging in microchannels |
Alginate | Mouse bone marrow-derived stem cell | Blood vessel | [65] | |
| Bioprinting | Inkjet bioprinting | Benefits: • Low cost • High-throughput Limitations: • Nozzle clogging • Non-uniform droplet size |
PEG-GelMA | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Cartilage/bone | [69] |
| Type I collagen- and chitosan-agarose blends | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Adipose/bone | [70] | |||
| Fibrin-collagen | Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cell and bone marrow-derived stem cell | Skin | [90] | |||
| Agarose-collagen | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Bone | [86] | |||
| Extrusion bioprinting | Benefits: • High cell density • Wide range of viscous materials Limitations: • Slow speed • Viscous liquid only |
Methacrylamide gelatin | Rat bone marrow-derived stem cell | Bone | [73] | |
| Polylactic acid (PLA)/GelMA | Rat bone marrow-derived stem cell | Bone | [74] | |||
| Cellulose and alginate | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Cartilage | [83] | |||
| Skin-derived ECM | Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell | Skin | [89] | |||
| Laser-assisted bioprinting | Benefits: • High cell viability • Various bioink available Limitations: • High cost |
Polyester urethane urea (PEUU) | Human bone marrow-derived stem cell | Cardiac | [79] | |
| Plasma-alginate | Porcine bone marrow-derived stem cell | Cartilage/bone | [80] | |||