Table 2.
Antibodies, vaccines, and peptomers against T3SS componentsa
| Class | Organism(s) | Target(s) | Phenotype/readout | Therapeutic potential | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibody (KB001) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | PcrV (tip) | Protects host cells against T3SS-mediated toxicity and protects mice against acute pulmonary infection (reviewed in reference 88) | Did not meet efficacy endpoints in phase II clinical trials | 60–62 |
| Bispecific antibody (MEDI3902) | P. aeruginosa | PcrV (tip), Psl (exopolysaccharide) | In vitro cytotoxicity protection and in vivo protection of acute pneumonia model in mice | Currently in phase II clinical trials | 63, 64 |
| Single-VH domain antibodies | Shigella flexneri | IpaD (tip) | Reduces hemolysis of sheep red blood cells | 66 | |
| rF1V vaccine | Yersinia pestis | LcrV (tip), F1 protein | Enhances survival of cynomolgus macaques infected with lethal aerosol challenge of Y. pestis | Orphan drug designation by FDA | 69 |
| Rabbit polyclonal antisera | STEC | STECO103 T3SS proteins | Block adherence of STEC to host cells; immunized mice not protected against fecal shedding | 71 | |
| Peptide vaccine | Salmonella enterica | SseI (effector) | Protects mice against acute infection | 72 | |
| Vaccine | S. enterica | PrgI (needle), SipD (tip) | Protects mice against infection | 73 | |
| Vaccine | S. enterica | SseB (effector), flagellin | Protects mice against infection | 74 | |
| Subunit vaccine | S. enterica | S1 (fusion of SipD and SipB [tip and translocon]), S2 (fusion of SseB and SseC [tip and translocon]) | Protects mice against lethal challenge | 75 | |
| Polypeptide | S. enterica, S. flexneri | SipB (translocon), IpaB (translocon) | Inhibits bacterial invasion into host cells | Polypeptide too large for therapeutic potential | 76 |
| Peptides | EPEC | EspA (tip) | Inhibit EspA polymerization, thereby preventing A/E lesions | 77 | |
| Peptides | EHEC, Citrobacter rodentium | EspA (tip) | Protect mice against colon damage after C. rodentium challenge | 78 | |
| Peptomers (phepropeptin D derivatives) | Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, P. aeruginosa | Inhibit secretion of T3SS proteins; inhibit Yersinia YopM effector translocation and reduce cell rounding | 79 |
a
STEC, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; A/E, attaching/effacing.