TABLE 3.
Combined sites (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, India, and Guatemala): growth outcomes by treatment arm among live births with length at birth; comparison of effect sizes and 95% CIs1
| Arm 1 vs. 3 | Arm 2 vs. 3 | Arm 1 vs. 2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Arm 1809 (96.8)2 | Arm 2838 (94.7)2 | Arm 3812 (93.9)2 | Effect size (95% CI) | P value | Effect size (95% CI) | P value | Effect size (95% CI) | P value |
| Length, cm | 47.56 ± 2.29 | 47.59 ± 2.11 | 47.24 ± 2.17 | ||||||
| LAZ | −1.05 ± 1.22 | −1.02 ± 1.11 | −1.22 ± 1.14 | 0.19 (0.08, 0.30) | 0.0008 | 0.20 (0.09, 0.31) | 0.0004 | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | 0.87 |
| Weight, g3 | 2800.1 ± 448.9 | 2802.7 ± 424.3 | 2751.6 ± 423.3 | ||||||
| WAZ3 | −1.13 ± 1.06 | −1.12 ± 1.01 | −1.25 ± 1.01 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.24) | 0.0054 | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | 0.0095 | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.11) | 0.83 |
| BMI4 | 12.33 ± 1.28 | 12.35 ± 1.21 | 12.27 ± 1.18 | ||||||
| BMIAZ4 | −0.93 ± 1.12 | −0.91 ± 1.06 | −0.97 ± 1.05 | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.17) | 0.21 | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.17) | 0.19 | −0.00 (−0.10, 0.10) | 0.96 |
| HC, cm5 | 33.21 ± 1.51 | 33.24 ± 1.42 | 33.18 ± 1.49 | ||||||
| HCAZ5 | −0.79 ± 1.21 | −0.75 ± 1.14 | −0.82 ± 1.18 | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.18) | 0.23 | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.19) | 0.14 | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) | 0.79 |
1 P values and effect sizes with corresponding 95% CIs comparing mean LAZ, WAZ, BMIAZ, and HCAZ for pairwise comparisons obtained from linear models for the outcome of interest, adjusted for country and cluster-nested within country. For the primary outcome of LAZ at birth, the comparisons of Arm 1 with Arm 2 and Arm 1 with Arm 3 were evaluated at a significance level of α = 0.025 when combining data from all sites. P values are also provided for the secondary analyses. Because these are exploratory analyses, no correction for multiple comparisons has been made. Values are n (%), means ± SDs, or effect size (95% CI). BMIAZ, BMI-for-age z score; HC, head circumference; HCAZ, HC-for-age z score; LAZ, length-for-age z score; WAZ, weight-for-age z score.
2The primary outcome is among those who completed the assessment visit <48 h after delivery and had length measurements obtained. z Scores were calculated using the expanded tables of the Child Growth Standards published by the WHO (30) and are based on term infants. LAZ and WAZ are within the biologically plausible ranges according to the WHO standards. Numbers in parentheses in the column headers are percentages of live births with birth length obtained <48 h of age.
3Weight and WAZ: n = 807, 836, and 808 for Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
4BMI and BMIAZ: n = 804, 831, and 806 for Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
5HC and HCAZ: n = 805, 832, and 806 for Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively.