TABLE 5.
Combined GAA sites (Pakistan, India, and Guatemala): binary growth outcomes by treatment arm among live births with GA and length at birth; comparison of RRs with 95% CIs1
| Arm 1 | Arm 2 | Arm 3 | Arm 1 vs. 3 | Arm 2 vs. 3 | Arm 1 vs. 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (n = 489)2 | (n = 517) | (n = 459) | RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value |
| LAZ <−1 | 175 (35.8) | 194 (37.5) | 201 (43.8) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.0019 | 0.86 (0.75, 0.98) | 0.0205 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.57 |
| LAZ <−2 | 49 (10.0) | 57 (11.0) | 65 (14.2) | 0.69 (0.49, 0.98) | 0.0361 | 0.78 (0.57, 1.07) | 0.12 | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | 0.48 |
| WAZ <−2 | 62 (12.7) | 59 (11.4) | 79 (17.2) | 0.71 (0.56, 0.90) | 0.0049 | 0.66 (0.50, 0.85) | 0.0017 | 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) | 0.51 |
| WLRAZ <−23 | 128 (26.4) | 157 (30.5) | 155 (34.1) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.89) | 0.0005 | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.09 | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.0435 |
| HCAZ <−24 | 36 (7.4) | 33 (6.4) | 35 (7.6) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.40) | 0.73 | 0.83 (0.59, 1.18) | 0.31 | 1.12 (0.71, 1.76) | 0.63 |
| SGA | 161 (32.9) | 185 (35.8) | 188 (41.0) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.78, 0.96) | 0.0047 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.15 |
| LBW | 118 (24.1) | 119 (23.0) | 125 (27.2) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) | 0.11 | 0.85 (0.70, 1.02) | 0.08 | 1.02 (0.80, 1.29) | 0.88 |
| Incidence of PTB, all live | 63 (12.5) | 46 (8.6) | 56 (11.5) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.41) | 0.73 | 0.74 (0.50, 1.09) | 0.12 | 1.43 (1.08, 1.89) | 0.0117 |
| Incidence of PTB, with LAZ | 57 (11.7) | 38 (7.4) | 43 (9.4) | 1.18 (0.82, 1.71) | 0.38 | 0.77 (0.50, 1.20) | 0.25 | 1.52 (1.18, 1.97) | 0.0014 |
1 P values and RRs with corresponding 95% CIs comparing proportion of LAZ <−1, LAZ <−2, WAZ <−2, HCAZ <−2, WLRAZ <−2, SGA, and LBW for the pairwise comparisons are obtained from generalized linear models with generalized estimating equations to estimate parameters while controlling for cluster correlations. Models are adjusted for country. Because these are exploratory analyses, no correction for multiple comparisons has been made. Values are n (%) or RR (95% CI). GA, gestational age; GAA, gestational-age adjusted; HCAZ, head circumference-for-age z score; LAZ, length-for-age z score; LBW, low birth weight; PTB, preterm birth; SGA, small-for-gestational-age; WAZ, weight-for-age z score; WLRAZ, weight to length ratio-for-age z score.
2Number of participants with primary outcome and GA determined. The primary outcome is among those who completed the assessment visit <48 h after delivery and had length measurements obtained. LAZ, WAZ, HCAZ, and WLRAZ were calculated using the INTERGROWTH-21st Project standards which provide z scores by sex and GA at birth for infants between 33 wk + 0 d and 42 wk + 6 d GA at birth (32) and between 24 wk + 0 d and 32 wk + 6 d GA at birth (33). GA at birth is defined as the GA at the time of the ultrasound based on the ultrasound plus time until birth if the ultrasound was done between 6 wk + 0 d and 13 wk + 6 d and GA at birth was between 24 wk + 0 d and 42 wk + 6 d. If the ultrasound was not conducted during this time, GA at birth is set to missing.
3WLRAZ <−2: n = 484, 514, and 455 for Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
4HCAZ <−2: n = 488, 516, and 459 for Arms 1, 2, and 3, respectively.