Figure 2.

Spatial causal emergence of integrated information (increasing determinism). (A) The micro-level S_m is constituted of noisy elements. (B) In state [0000], the four micro concepts all share the same $\phi$ value. Shown are the core causes and effects; the format A_t/CD_t−1 indicates that the concept belongs to A in its current state (c) and has a purview of CD in their past states. (C) A 3D projection of the 32D cause–effect space. The one past (blue) and two future (green) dimensions chosen were those with the greatest variance of probabilities (so the visualization maximizes the distances between concepts). The cause–effect structure of S_m appears as a clustered constellation of small (low $\phi$) concepts. (D) The elements at the macro level of the system S_M are less noisy than those in S_m. (E) The two macro elements each generate a concept. (F). The conceptual structure of the macro-level system, plotted as a constellation in S_M’s 8D cause–effect space, has larger stars (high $\phi$), indicating greater irreducibility.