Table 1:
Baseline Characteristics
| High Risk (≥50% stenosis) N=301 |
Non-High Risk (<50% stenosis) N=4207 |
p-value* | High Risk (≥70% stenosis) N=111 |
Non-High Risk (<70% stenosis) N=4409 |
p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient age (years) | 63.9 (8.33) | 60.2 (8.09) | <0.0001 | 64.2 (8.73) | 60.3 (8.12) | <0.0001 |
| Female sex | 91 (30.2%) | 2245 (53.4%) | <0.0001 | 27 (24.3%) | 2314 (52.5%) | <0.0001 |
| Racial or ethnic minority | 48 (16.1%) | 972 (23.2%) | 0.0042 | 17 (15.5%) | 1004 (22.9%) | 0.0655 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.6 (5.48) | 30.4 (6.01) | 0.6455 | 30.1 (4.80) | 30.4 (6.00) | 0.5165 |
| Hypertension | 219 (72.8%) | 2685 (63.8%) | 0.0018 | 73 (65.8%) | 2841 (64.4%) | 0.7726 |
| Diabetes | 100 (33.2%) | 837 (19.9%) | <0.0001 | 33 (29.7%) | 906 (20.5%) | 0.0185 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 143 (47.5%) | 1531 (36.4%) | 0.0001 | 56 (50.5%) | 1623 (36.8%) | 0.0033 |
| Dyslipidemia | 222 (73.8%) | 2810 (66.8%) | 0.0129 | 80 (72.1%) | 2962 (67.2%) | 0.2779 |
| Any PAD | 26 (8.6%) | 205 (4.9%) | 0.0042 | 11 (9.9%) | 221 (5.0%) | 0.0210 |
| Smoker | 186 (61.8%) | 2109 (50.1%) | <0.0001 | 68 (61.3%) | 2236 (50.7%) | 0.0283 |
| Family history of premature (<55 years) CAD | 111 (37.2%) | 1349 (32.2%) | 0.0698 | 41 (36.9%) | 1426 (32.5%) | 0.3195 |
| History of depression | 61 (20.3%) | 829 (19.7%) | 0.8134 | 20 (18.0%) | 873 (19.8%) | 0.6414 |
| Sedentary lifestyle | 151 (50.3%) | 2029 (48.3%) | 0.5005 | 62 (55.9%) | 2124 (48.3%) | 0.1144 |
| Typical/atypical/non-cardiac symptoms16 | 0.0027 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Typical | 49 (16.3%) | 473 (11.2%) | 27 (24.3%) | 499 (11.3%) | ||
| Atypical | 233 (77.4%) | 3274 (77.8%) | 76 (68.5%) | 3438 (78.0%) | ||
| Non-cardiac | 19 (6.3%) | 460 (10.9%) | 8 (7.2%) | 472 (10.7%) | ||
| Chest pain/dyspnea / other symptoms | 0.4076 | 0.3791 | ||||
| Chest pain | 214 (71.1%) | 3113 (74.0%) | 77 (69.4%) | 3258 (73.9%) | ||
| Shortness of breath/dyspnea | 50 (16.6%) | 585 (13.9%) | 16 (14.4%) | 621 (14.1%) | ||
| Other | 37 (12.3%) | 506 (12.0%) | 18 (16.2%) | 527 (12.0%) | ||
| Symptoms related to physical/mental stress‡ | <0.0001 | 0.0043 | ||||
| No stress | 104 (34.6%) | 1945 (46.2%) | 40 (36.0%) | 2015 (45.7%) | ||
| Stress | 167 (55.5%) | 1809 (43.0%) | 64 (57.7%) | 1918 (43.5%) | ||
| Unknown | 30 (10.0%) | 453 (10.8%) | 7 (6.3%) | 476 (10.8%) | ||
| Primary symptoms relieved by rest or NTG within 10 min‡ | 0.0539 | 0.2090 | ||||
| Rarely/never | 54 (17.9%) | 975 (23.2%) | 18 (16.2%) | 1014 (23.0%) | ||
| Always/usually | 96 (31.9%) | 1378 (32.8%) | 37 (33.3%) | 1441 (32.7%) | ||
| Unknown | 151 (50.2%) | 1851 (44.0%) | 56 (50.5%) | 1951 (44.3%) | ||
| GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 76.7 (20.11) | 79.8 (18.73) | 0.0068 | 75.4 (18.90) | 79.7 (18.83) | 0.0192 |
| GFR | 0.0007 | 0.0168 | ||||
| <60 | 56 (18.9%) | 503 (12.1%) | 22 (20.0%) | 539 (12.4%) | ||
| ≥60 | 241 (81.1%) | 3661 (87.9%) | 88 (80.0%) | 3824 (87.6%) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)‡ | 186.9 (47.06) | 197.1 (43.93) | 0.0001 | 187.0 (50.39) | 196.6 (44.00) | 0.0236 |
| HDL (mg/dL)‡ | 47.1 (13.68) | 52.2 (15.65) | <0.0001 | 45.8 (15.38) | 52.0 (15.56) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135.4 (17.10) | 130.8 (16.42) | <0.0001 | 135.7 (16.96) | 131.0 (16.47) | 0.0030 |
| Treated blood pressure | 93 (30.9%) | 1604 (38.1%) | 0.0124 | 41 (36.9%) | 1657 (37.6%) | 0.8897 |
| Treated SBP × SBP interaction | 41.8 (63.43) | 48.6 (62.69) | <0.0001 | 49.3 (65.61) | 48.0 (62.65) | 0.0062 |
| Q waves present | 18 (6.1%) | 178 (4.3%) | 0.1452 | 7 (6.4%) | 190 (4.3%) | 0.3088 |
| LBBB§ | 5 (1.7%) | 57 (1.4%) | 0.6048 | 1 (0.9%) | 62 (1.4%) | 1.0000 |
| ST depression§ | 4 (1.3%) | 56 (1.3%) | 1.0000 | 2 (1.8%) | 58 (1.3%) | 0.6591 |
| LVH with repolarization§ | 3 (1.0%) | 31 (0.7%) | 0.4918 | 2 (1.8%) | 33 (0.8%) | 0.2121 |
| Any of the above electrocardiographic findings | 29 (9.8%) | 315 (7.6%) | 0.1686 | 11 (10.0%) | 336 (7.7%) | 0.3721 |
Student’s t-test used for continuous variables, chi-square test for categorical variables, except where indicated. Data are presented as mean (SD) or n (%).
*
Comparing high risk vs. non-high risk (50% criteria).
†
Comparing high risk vs. non-high risk (70% criteria).
‡
Variables excluded from prediction models due to high number of missing or unknown values: high density lipoprotein (HDL), left bundle branch block (LBBB), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), nitroglycerin (NTG), relationship of symptoms to stress or exertion.
§
Fisher’s Exact Test.
BMI = body mass index, CAD = coronary artery disease, GFR = glomerular filtration rate, PAD = peripheral arterial disease, SBP = systolic blood pressure.