Table 3.
Frequency of alcohol consumption and the risk of incident pulmonary embolism.
| N Cases | HRadj* | 95% CI | N Cases | HRadj*,† | 95% CI | N Cases | HRadj* | 95% CI | N Cases | HRadj* | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS N=58,096; 726 events | NHS IIN=91,993; 489 events | HPFSN=49,058; 442 events | Pooled Analysis§ N=199,147; 1,657 events | |||||||||
| Abstainers | 292 | 1.00 | reference | 125 | 1.00 | reference | 72 | 1.00 | reference | 489 | 1.00 | reference |
| Former Drinkers | 65 | 1.27 | (0.96, 1.67) | 153 | 1.30 | (1.01, 1.63) | 57 | 0.91 | (0.64, 1.30) | 275 | 1.18 | (0.97, 1.43) |
| 1–2 Drinking Days/Week | 195 | 1.19 | (0.98, 1.43) | 135 | 1.08 | (0.85, 1.38) | 104 | 0.87 | (0.64, 1.19) | 434 | 1.08 | (0.91, 1.26) |
| 3–4 Drinking Days/Week | 65 | 1.22 | (0.92, 1.61) | 45 | 1.21 | (0.86, 1.71) | 62 | 1.02 | (0.72, 1.45) | 172 | 1.16 | (0.97, 1.39) |
| 5–7 Drinking Days/Week | 109 | 1.08 | (0.86, 1.36) | 31 | 0.99 | (0.67, 1.48) | 147 | 1.01 | (0.75, 1.36) | 287 | 1.04 | (0.88, 1.23) |
| Linear P-Trend‡ | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 | ||||||||
Analyses are stratified by age (in months) and adjusted for smoking (never, former, 1–14 cigarettes/day, 15–24 cigarettes/day, ≥25 cigarettes/day, missing), BMI (continuous and indicator for missing), prevalent diabetes, prevalent hypertension, prevalent hypercholesterolemia, prevalent MI/angina, prevalent cancer, race (white vs. non-white), aspirin use (including missing indicator), physical activity (continuous and indicator for missing), caloric intake (continuous), HT use (including missing indicator; in women only), and OC use (including missing indicator; in NHS II only).
To achieve model convergence, this model was stratified by ordinal continuous age groups rather than age in months and adjusted for current versus never/past smoking rather than smoking status and amount.
Linear p-trend estimated by skipping person-time for former drinkers.
NHS, NHS II, and HPFS cohorts were meta-analyzed to estimate a pooled summary HR. All p-values for between study heterogeneity >0.05.
Abbreviations: adj = adjusted; CI = confidence interval; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HR = hazard ratio; NHS = Nurses’ Health Study; PE = pulmonary embolism.