Table 4.
Amount of alcohol consumed, by type, and the risk of incident pulmonary embolism.
| N Cases | HRadj* | 95% CI | N Cases | HRadj* | 95% CI | N Cases | HRadj* | 95% CI | N Cases | HRadj* | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHS N=74,500; 791 events | NHS II N=81,106; 347 events | HPFS N=45,156; 409 events | Pooled Analysis‡ N=200,762; 1547 events | |||||||||
| Beer | ||||||||||||
| 0 g/day† | 660 | 1.00 | reference | 215 | 1.00 | reference | 154 | 1.00 | reference | 1029 | 1.00 | reference |
| 0.1−4.9 g/day | 112 | 1.06 | (0.89, 1.31) | 109 | 0.92 | (0.72, 1.17) | 171 | 0.99 | (0.78, 1.25) | 392 | 0.99 | (0.87, 1.13) |
| ≥5.0 g/day | 19 | 0.85 | (0.53, 1.34) | 23 | 0.89 | (0.57, 1.39) | 84 | 0.96 | (0.72, 1.28) | 126 | 0.92 | (0.74, 1.14) |
| Linear P-trend† | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| Quadratic P-trend† | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | ||||||||
| Red Wine | ||||||||||||
| 0 g/day† | 569 | 1.00 | reference | 197 | 1.00 | reference | 176 | 1.00 | reference | 942 | 1.00 | reference |
| 0.1−4.9 g/day | 189 | 0.93 | (0.77, 1.12) | 140 | 0.98 | (0.77, 1.25) | 193 | 0.94 | (0.74, 1.20) | 522 | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.07) |
| ≥5.0 g/day | 33 | 1.16 | (0.81, 1.66) | 10 | 0.71 | (0.37, 1.37) | 40 | 0.85 | (0.59, 1.24) | 83 | 0.95 | (0.74, 1.23) |
| Linear P-trend† | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | ||||||||
| Quadratic P-trend† | 0.8 | 0.09 | 0.7 | 0.4 | ||||||||
| White Wine | ||||||||||||
| 0 g/day† | 470 | 1.00 | reference | 136 | 1.00 | reference | 175 | 1.00 | reference | 781 | 1.00 | reference |
| 0.1−4.9 g/day | 284 | 1.07 | (0.90, 1.27) | 194 | 1.16 | (0.91, 1.47) | 208 | 0.96 | (0.76, 1.21) | 686 | 1.06 | (0.94, 1.20) |
| ≥5.0 g/day | 37 | 0.86 | (0.61, 1.22) | 17 | 1.18 | (0.70, 1.98) | 26 | 1.19 | (0.77, 1.84) | 80 | 1.02 | (0.80, 1.30) |
| Linear P-trend† | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | ||||||||
| Quadratic P-trend† | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||||||||
| Liquor | ||||||||||||
| 0 g/day† | 576 | 1.00 | reference | 208 | 1.00 | reference | 171 | 1.00 | reference | 955 | 1.00 | reference |
| 0.1–4.9 g/day | 118 | 1.06 | (0.85, 1.30) | 115 | 1.42 | (1.12, 1.80) | 96 | 0.99 | (0.76, 1.29) | 329 | 1.14 | (0.93, 1.42) |
| ≥5.0 g/day | 97 | 1.10 | (0.87, 1.37) | 24 | 1.28 | (0.83, 1.98) | 142 | 1.09 | (0.86, 1.39) | 263 | 1.12 | (0.95, 1.30) |
| Linear P-trend† | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | ||||||||
| Quadratic P-trend† | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.9 | ||||||||
Analyses are stratified by age (in months) and adjusted for smoking (never, former, 1–14 cigarettes/day, 15–24 cigarettes/day, ≥25 cigarettes/day, missing), BMI (continuous and indicator for missing), prevalent diabetes, prevalent hypertension, prevalent hypercholesterolemia, prevalent MI/angina, prevalent cancer, race (white vs. non-white), aspirin use (including missing indicator), physical activity (continuous and indicator for missing), caloric intake (continuous), HT use (including missing indicator; in women only), and OC use (including missing indicator; in NHS II only), and consumption amount of all types of alcohol other than the type of interest (continuous g/day).
Person-time for current former drinkers of any alcohol skipped in all analyses presented in Table 4.
NHS, NHS II, and HPFS cohorts were meta-analyzed to estimate a pooled summary HR. All p-values for between study heterogeneity >0.05.
Abbreviations: adj = adjusted; CI = confidence interval; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HR = hazard ratio; NHS = Nurses’ Health Study; PE = pulmonary embolism.