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. 2019 Feb 8;10(2):114. doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1392-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a General rules governing immunogenicity. b Gliadin-derived peptides that act as an adjuvant (P31-P43) or as an immunogen (P57–68). Note that innate immune reactions are required for full cognate immune responses. This is exemplified by the activation of transglutaminase-2 (TGM2), downstream of the inhibition of cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor (CFTR), as well as local inflammation that perturbs tissue homeostasis, increases intestinal permeability, and attracts immune cells, thus enabling to launch a TH1 immune response against deamidated P57–68