Table 1.

Characteristics of participants (N = 28).

Variable	Mean (SD)	Range
Age (years)	24.9 (5.3)	20.6 to 42.8
Sex, n (%) male	17 (60.7)	—
Height (cm)	175.0 (8.1)	162.0 to 190.0
Weight (kg)	75.6 (11.2)	50.0 to 100.0
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.7 (2.9)	18.8 to 32.9
Waist circumference (cm)	83.7 (7.6)	67.0 to 100.0
Hip circumference (cm)	100.3 (4.8)	92.0 to 111.0
Waist to hip circumference ratio	0.83 (0.05)	0.73 to 0.94
Foot posture†	1.96 (1.9)	−1 to 6
Supinated, n (%)	1 (3.6)	—
Normal, n (%)	24 (85.7)	—
Pronated, n (%)	4 (14.3)	—
Navicular drop (mm)25	5.14 (3.7)	0 to 13
Ankle dorsiflexion, knee extended (degrees)56	44.6 (10.8)	31 to 63
Ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexed (degrees)57	46.4 (11.6)	32 to 64

^†Foot posture was determined using the Foot Posture Index²⁴, with scores between −12 (supinated characteristics) to +12 (pronated characteristics). Foot posture classified as supinated (FPI < 0), normal (FPI 0 to 5) or pronated (FPI > 5)²³.