Table 2.
Comparisons of peak pressure, maximum force and contact area for each condition (N = 28).
| Condition | Mean (SD) | Peak pressure (kPa) | Maximum force (N) | Mean (SD) | Contact area (cm2) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % change | Effect size (d) | P-value | Mean (SD) | % change | Effect size (d) | P-value | % change | Effect size (d) | P-value | |||
| Rearfoot | ||||||||||||
| Boot only (control) | 214.1 (40.0) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 545.3 (117.7) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 43.5 (6.2) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Flat insole | 213.9 (38.1) | 0 | −0.01 | 0.953 | 554.9 (126.6) | +2 | 0.08 | 0.193 | 43.5 (6.1) | 0 | 0.00 | 0.971 |
| Foot orthosis | 172.5 (37.9) | −19 | −1.07 | <0.001*# | 497.9 (116.6) | −9 | −0.40 | < 0.001*# | 43.9 (6.2) | + 1 | 0.06 | 0.010*# |
| Medial midfoot | ||||||||||||
| Boot only (control) | 93.3 (42.4) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 14.2 (10.1)† | n/a | n/a | n/a | 4.0 (2.3) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Flat insole | 108.4 (49.1) | +16 | 0.33 | 0.016* | 19.6 (11.3)† | +38 | 0.50 | <0.001* | 5.3 (3.1) | +33 | 0.48 | 0.002* |
| Foot orthosis | 128.1 (57.1) | +37 | 0.69 | <0.001*# | 47.4 (15.9)† | +334 | 2.49 | <0.001*# | 14.7 (3.4) | +368 | 3.69 | <0.001*# |
| Lateral midfoot | ||||||||||||
| Boot only (control) | 115.8 (29.0)† | n/a | n/a | n/a | 115.1 (31.5) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 28.3 (3.4) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Flat insole | 115.9 (31.6)† | 0 | 0.00 | 0.865 | 125.5 (44.2) | +9 | 0.27 | 0.014* | 27.7 (5.7) | −2 | −0.13 | 0.330 |
| Foot orthosis | 113.9 (32.1)† | −2 | −0.06 | 0.508 | 143.9 (43.2) | +25 | 0.76 | <0.001*# | 31.6 (4.4) | +12 | 0.84 | <0.001*# |
| Medial forefoot | ||||||||||||
| Boot only (control) | 253.9 (58.5) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 218.3 (65.2) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 17.2 (2.6) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Flat insole | 271.5 (73.2) | +7 | 0.27 | 0.033 | 237.6 (74.1) | +9 | 0.28 | <0.001* | 17.6 (2.6) | +2 | 0.15 | 0.058 |
| Foot orthosis | 279.6 (88.8) | +10 | 0.34 | 0.042 | 230.7 (72.9) | +6 | 0.18 | 0.017* | 17.6 (2.6) | +2 | 0.15 | 0.038 |
| Lateral forefoot | ||||||||||||
| Boot only (control) | 249.5 (62.8)† | n/a | n/a | n/a | 371.5 (99.5) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 33.9 (4.9) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Flat insole | 241.3 (53.4)† | −3 | −0.14 | 0.127 | 392.2 (101.0) | +6 | 0.21 | 0.001* | 34.6 (4.9) | +2 | 0.14 | 0.012* |
| Foot orthosis | 238.8 (63.1)† | −4 | −0.17 | 0.047 | 377.6 (109.6) | +2 | 0.06 | 0.449# | 34.4 (4.8) | +1 | 0.10 | 0.038* |
| Hallux | ||||||||||||
| Boot only (control) | 295.2 (117.4) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 113.6 (49.3) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 7.4 (1.3) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Flat insole | 298.4 (90.4) | +1 | 0.03 | 0.774 | 123.9 (46.8) | +9 | 0.21 | 0.004* | 7.6 (1.6) | +3 | 0.14 | 0.438 |
| Foot orthosis | 322.4 (105.8) | +9 | 0.24 | 0.026*# | 121.8 (48.4) | +7 | 0.17 | 0.034* | 7.4 (1.5) | 0 | 0.00 | 0.888 |
Note: % change is relative to the boot only-control condition. †Data transformed prior to determining significance. *Mean differences significant at the 0.05 level compared to the boot only condition. #Mean differences significant at the 0.05 level compared to the flat insole condition.