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. 2019 Feb 8;10:662. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08607-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Energy-conserving effects of growth hormone (GH) signaling in agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons. a Reduction in energy expenditure (VO₂) during food restriction (F.R.) compared to baseline (F.R. 1, t₍₂₂₎ = 3.296, P = 0.0033; F.R. 2, t₍₂₁₎ = 2.913, P = 0.0083; F.R. 3, t₍₂₁₎ = 3.223, P = 0.0041; F.R. 4, t₍₂₁₎ = 3.144, P = 0.0049; n = 11–12; unpaired t-test). b Changes in body weight (main effect of F.R. [F_(5, 225) = 1525, P < 0.0001], main effect of growth hormone receptor (GHR ablation [F_(1, 45) = 7.077, P = 0.0108] and interaction [F_(5, 225) = 3.251, P = 0.0074]; control = 25; AgRP GHR KO = 22). c Body fat mass (main effect of F.R. [F_(5, 60) = 29.23, P < 0.0001], main effect of GHR ablation [F_(1, 12) = 11.27, P = 0.0057] and interaction [F_(5, 60) = 2.079, P = 0.0805]; control = 5; AgRP GHR KO = 9). d Lean body mass (main effect of F.R. [F_(5, 60) = 526.9, P < 0.0001], main effect of GHR ablation [F_(1, 12) = 3.429, P = 0.0888] and interaction [F_(5, 60) = 3.026, P = 0.0168]). e Blood glucose changes during F.R. (main effect of time [F_(5, 158) = 88.32, P < 0.0001], main effect of GHR ablation [F_(1, 158) = 19.45, P < 0.0001] and interaction [F_(5, 158) = 1.463, P = 0.205]; n = 14–15) and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test (*P < 0.01). f Food intake after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 2-deoxi-d-glucose (2DG; 0.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.); n = 9–10). The effects of F.R. or 2DG were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All results were expressed as mean ± s.e.m.