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. 2019 Feb;56:64–70. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.09.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Rho GTPases in protrusion formation summary. (i) RhoA can signal to the formin FHOD3, via the ROCK family kinases, to promote the invasion of cancer cells into 3D fibronectin rich ECM. This form on invasive migration occurs downstream of the upregulated endocytic recycling of the α5β1 integrin, and does not require the action of the Arp2/3 complex. (ii) Cdc42 can drive the formation of filopodia by activating the formin FMNL2 and/or Arp2/3. (iii) RhoA-FAM65 interaction can re-orientate the Golgi apparatus towards the leading edge of the cell in 2D environments, facilitating efficient migration. (iv) Fatty acid synthesis alters the biochemical and biophysical properties of the plasma membrane, stabilising the presence of Rho GTPases in the membrane. This may have important implications for understanding how the metabolic state of a cell may affect its ability to migrate. (v) Different GEFs can promote differential Rac1 signalling, either promoting a migratory output by ensuring Rac1 binds to FLI2 (P-Rex1) or preventing a migratory output (Tiam1).