Table 3.
Factors associated with emotional and behavioural difficulties in bivariate and multivariate analyses
| Variable | Emotional & behavioural difficulties No N (%) | Emotional & behavioural difficulties Yes N (%) | uOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family demographic and psychosocial factors | ||||
| Relationship with the child | NI | |||
| Grandparent | 38 (76) | 12 (24) | Reference | |
| Other relationship | 40 (75) | 13 (25) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | |
| Father | 47 (75) | 16 (25) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | |
| Mother | 171 (65) | 92 (35) | 1.7 (0.8–3.4) | |
| Age of primary caregiver | ||||
| 18–30 | 26 (51) | 25 (49) | 2.8 (1.3–5.8)* | 3.6 (1.4–9.5)* |
| 31–40 | 117 (71) | 47 (29) | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) |
| 41–50 | 92 (70) | 40 (30) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) |
| > 50 | 61 (74) | 21 (26) | Reference | Reference |
| Gender of primary caregiver | ||||
| Male | 78 (79) | 21 (21) | Reference | |
| Female | 218 (66) | 112 (34) | 1.9 (1.1–3.3)* | 1.7 (0.8–3.1) |
| Tribe of primary caregiver | ||||
| Sena | 50 (88) | 7 (12) | Reference | Reference |
| Other tribes | 47 (80) | 12 (20) | 1.8 (0.7–5.0) | 2.1 (0.6–6.9) |
| Tumbuka | 42 (79) | 11 (21) | 1.9 (0.7–5.3) | 2.2 (0.6–7.7) |
| Lomwe | 40 (74) | 14 (26) | 2.5 (0.9–6.8) | 2.7 (0.9–8.3) |
| Chewa | 90 (68) | 42 (32) | 3.3 (1.4–8.0)** | 4.5 (1.6–12.5)*** |
| Yao | 27 (37) | 47 (63) | 12.4 (4.9–31.3)*** | 7.4 (2.5–21.8)*** |
| Occupation of primary caregiver | ||||
| Work/business | 104 (79) | 27 (21) | Reference | Reference |
| Farming | 128 (65) | 68 (35) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4)** | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) |
| Looking for a job | 22 (76) | 7 (24) | 1.2 (0.5–3.2) | 0.9 (0.3–2.7) |
| Home duties | 42 (58) | 31 (42) | 2.8 (1.5–5.3)*** | 2.7 (1.3–5.9)* |
| Spouse occupation | NI | |||
| Work/business | 68 (64) | 38 (36) | 1.3 (0,8-2,2) | |
| Farming | 76 (69) | 34 (31) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | |
| Looking for a job | 9 (60) | 6 (40) | 1.5 (0.5–4.6) | |
| Home duties | 34 (81) | 8 (19) | Reference | |
| Level of education of primary caregiver | ||||
| None | 62 (66) | 32 (34) | 3.6 (1.7–7.5)** | 1.9 (0.7–5.1) |
| Primary | 151 (63) | 89 (37) | 4.1 (2.1–7.9)*** | 2.6 (1.2–5.7)* |
| Secondary/tertiary | 83 (87) | 12 (13) | Reference | Reference |
| Spouse level of education | ||||
| None | 24 (51) | 23 (49) | 2.2 (1.1–4.3)* | |
| Primary | 90 (67) | 44 (33) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | |
| Secondary/tertiary | 73 (79) | 19 (21) | Reference | |
| Number of children < 12 years old at home | NI | |||
| ≤ 2 | 220 (70) | 92 (30) | Reference | |
| ≥ 3 | 72 (62) | 45 (38) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | |
| Number of children > 12 years old at home | NI | |||
| ≤ 2 | 66 (64) | 37 (36) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | |
| ≥ 3 | 230 (71) | 96 (29) | Reference | |
| Marital status of primary caregiver | NI | |||
| Widowed | 56 (75) | 19 (25) | Reference | |
| Divorced | 27 (71) | 11 (29) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | |
| Married | 187 (69) | 86 (31) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | |
| Single | 26 (61) | 17 (39) | 1.9 (0.9–4.3) | |
| Wealth quintiles | NI | |||
| Poorest | 31 (60) | 21 (40) | 2.2 (1.2–4.3)* | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) |
| Poor | 23 (54) | 20 (46) | 2.8 (1.4–5.7)** | 1.9 (0.7–4.7) |
| Medium | 45 (60) | 30 (40) | 2.2 (1.2–3.9)** | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) |
| Wealthy | 58 (74) | 20 (26) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) |
| Wealthiest | 139 (77) | 42 (23) | Reference | Reference |
| Level of impact of illness on family | ||||
| Low level impact | 92 (87) | 14 (13) | Reference | Reference |
| Significant impact | 174 (69) | 78 (31) | 2.9 (1.6–5.4)** | 3.1 (1.5–6.5)** |
| Very serious impact | 31 (44) | 40 (56) | 8.4 (4.0–17.4)*** | 9.4 (1.7–23.8)*** |
| Level of functional support needed | ||||
| Low | 245 (71) | 99 (29) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7)* | 2.0 (1.1–4.1)* |
| High | 51 (60) | 34 (40) | Reference | Reference |
| Number of stressful life events | ||||
| < 3 | 169 (78) | 48 (22) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥ 3 | 133 (63) | 79 (37) | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) |
| Child demographic and clinical factors | ||||
| Age | NI | |||
| 6–8 | 151 (70) | 66 (30) | Reference | |
| 9–10 | 66 (66) | 34 (34) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | |
| 11–12 | 79 (70) | 33 (30) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | |
| Gender | NI | |||
| Male | 147 (67) | 74 (33) | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | |
| Female | 149 (72) | 59 (28) | Reference | |
| WHO HIV clinical staging | ||||
| Stage I | 61 (69) | 28 (31) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 1.8 (0.6–5.2) |
| Stage II | 36 (45) | 44 (55) | 3.3 (1.5–7.6)** | 2.7 (1.0–7.7) |
| Stage III | 169 (77) | 50 (23) | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) |
| Stage IV | 30 (73) | 11 (27) | Reference | Reference |
| Nutritional status | ||||
| Underweight | 94 (75) | 31 (25) | Reference | Reference |
| Normal | 179 (69) | 79 (31) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) |
| Overweight/obese | 23 (50) | 23 (50) | 3.0 (1.5–6.1)** | 1.5 (0.6–3.8) |
| Duration on ARVs | NI | |||
| ≤ 1 year | 52 (67) | 26 (33) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | |
| 2–3 years | 84 (65) | 45 (35) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | |
| ≥ 4 years | 137 (71) | 57 (29) | Reference | |
| Disclosure of HIV status | ||||
| Yes | 107 (69) | 49 (31) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 189 (69) | 84 (31) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05; aOR adjusted for all variables in the table