Table 3.
Frequency (%) of characteristics of died mothers and the results of analyses on factors ASSOCITED or NOT ASSOCIATED with maternal death in Iran
| Characteristics of dead mothers | N (%)a | Studies found associations | Studies found NO association | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N of casesb | Ref | N of casesb | Ref | ||
| Maternal age |
N = 1990 (42.9%) Mean = 30.02 y |
303 | [40, 45, 56] | 363 | [24, 42, 46, 48, 57] |
| Gravidity |
N = 735 (15.9%) Mean = 3.67 |
486 | [24, 42, 45, 54, 56, 57] | 66 | [55] |
| Parity | N = 70 (1.5%) Mean = 1.7 |
– | – | – | – |
| Type of delivery • Normal • Caesarean section • Others (nor clear) |
N = 4157 (89.8%) 35% 55% 10% |
2408 | [38, 42, 48, 50, 55, 57] | 241 | [24, 40, 45] |
| Period of death • During pregnancy • Childbirth • Postpartum • Unclassified & Unknown |
N = 2310 (49.9%) 13% 4% 70% 13% |
165 | [46, 55] | 106 | [40, 48] |
| Region of residence • Rural/Nomadic • Urban |
N = 1431 (30.9%) 55% 45% |
185 | [36, 46, 55] | 538 | [24, 40–42, 48, 50, 51] |
| Education • Illiterate/Primary • Literate |
N = 3708 (80.0%) 32% 68% |
1992 | [38, 51, 54–56] | 55 | [57] |
| Location of birth • Hospital/ Labor facilities • In the way/ Home |
N = 2153 (46.5%) 88% 12% |
1889 | [38, 48] | 89 | [24, 57] |
| Location of death • Hospital/ Labor facilities • In the way/ Home • Unknown |
N = 1858 (40.1%) 72% 14% 14% |
373 | [50, 55] | 197 | [40, 42, 48] |
| Birth attendant • Skilled • Trained midwife • Untrained/local midwife • Other (Unknown/Undelivered) |
N = 2632 (56.8%) 83% 3% 9% 6% |
2167 | [38, 48, 50] | 219 | [24, 45] |
| Pregnancy intentions • Wanted • Unwanted • Unknown & Intermediate |
N = 532 (11.5%) 64% 27% 9% |
– | – | – | – |
| Economic status • High • Middle • Low |
N = 993 (21.4%) 5% 5% 90% |
– | [41] | – | – |
| Occupation • Employed • Unemployed |
N = 1189 (25.7%) 14.2% 85.8% |
– | [51] | – | – |
| Prenatal care • Yes • No |
N = 2083 (45.0%) 91.5% 8.5% |
1860 | [38, 57] | 99 | [46] |
| Type of insurance • Public social security • Public health service • Private |
N = 109 (2.4%) 50% 34% 16% |
– | – | – | – |
| Supplemental insurance • Yes • No |
N = 109 (2.4%) 27% 73% |
– | – | – | – |
aN indicates number of cases (death) in each of the determined characteristics in all the included studies and % was calculated by dividing N to 4633, which is the total number of reported maternal deaths in Iran based on this systematic review
bThese numbers indicate the total number of deaths in the included studies with the information on their association with the determined characteristics