Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of the study population (second and third trimester mothers and neonates of the third trimester mothers)
| Characteristic | Healthy control group (n = 40) | Gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 40) | P valuea |
| Second trimester | |||
| Age, year | 29.88 ± 3.77 | 31.80 ± 3.99s | 0.427 |
| High school education or lower, % (n) | 28 (70) | 26 (65) | 0.633 |
| Gestational age, weeks | 24.20 ± 2.34 | 23.97 ± 2.45 | 0.900 |
| Height, cm | 160.58 ± 3.89 | 160.92 ± 5.40 | 0.792 |
| Mid-pregnancy weight, kg | 59.92 ± 11.69 | 64.96 ± 7.69 | 0.156 |
| History of abortion, % (n) | 13 (33) | 14 (35) | 0.813 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.14 ± 2.26 | 23.30 ± 2.51 | 0.075 |
| Mid-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 23.13 ± 3.18 | 25.14 ± 2.50 | 0.014* |
| Third trimester | Healthy control group (n = 65) | Gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 65) | P valuea |
| Age, year | 29.06 ± 3.66 | 30.04 ± 3.67 | 0.244 |
| High school education or lower, % (n) | 40 (62) | 47 (72) | 0.192 |
| Gestational age, weeks | 38.54 ± 1.98 | 38.09 ± 2.68 | 0.276 |
| Height, cm | 160.63 ± 4.84 | 160.09 ± 4.72 | 0.255 |
| Late-pregnancy weight, kg | 67.37 ± 8.27 | 69.47 ± 7.73 | 0.141 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21.25 ± 3.10 | 21.50 ± 2.54 | 0.274 |
| Late-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 26.08 ± 2.84 | 27.22 ± 2.74 | 0.022* |
| Gravidity | 2.22 ± 1.45 | 2.31 ± 1.52 | 0.869 |
| Parity | 0.48 ± 0.59 | 0.40 ± 0.52 | 0.512 |
| Mode of delivery, % (n) | |||
| Cesarean | 26 (40) | 30 (46) | 0.479 |
| Vaginal | 39 (60) | 35 (54) | |
| History of abortion % (n) | 8 (12) | 9 (14) | 0.795 |
| Neonates | |||
| Neonatal birth weight, kg | 3.31 ± 0.44 | 3.38 ± 0.41 | 0.301 |
| Apgar score | |||
| 1 min | 8.95 ± 0.29 | 8.82 ± 0.72 | 0.329 |
| 10 min | 9.98 ± 0.13 | 9.95 ± 0.22 | 0.311 |
| Macrosomia and premature infants, % (n) | 5 (7.7) | 8 (12.3) | 0.380 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia, % (n) | 1 (1.5) | 8 (12.3) | 0.016* |
| Fetal distress, % (n) | 1 (1.5) | 4 (6.2) | 0.171 |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters)
Values are given as mean ± SD or number (percentage), unless otherwise indicated
*p value from t test or chi-squared test comparing means or proportions between GDM cases and controls in the current study. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant