Table 2.
Variables associated with gestational diabetes mellitus
| Variable | Healthy control group (n = 40) | Gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 40) | P valuea |
| Mid-pregnancy characteristics (T1) | |||
| OGTT | |||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.01 ± 0.31 | 4.81 ± 0.58 | 0.000* |
| 1-h glucose, mmol/L | 6.82 ± 1.27 | 9.83 ± 1.37 | 0.000* |
| 2-h glucose, mmol/L | 5.95 ± 0.95 | 8.54 ± 0.85 | 0.000* |
| Comprehensive metabolic panel | |||
| ALT, U/L | 16.85 ± 7.54 | 14.96 ± 12.30 | 0.064 |
| AST, U/L | 20.07 ± 4.56 | 18.16 ± 7.62 | 0.083 |
| TBA, umol/l | 2.39 ± 1.31 | 2.90 ± 2.01 | 0.306 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 111.69 ± 14.97 | 115.10 ± 9.60 | 0.306 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 3.07 ± 1.14 | 3.66 ± 1.61 | 0.029* |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.70 ± 0.83 | 5.72 ± 0.90 | 0.798 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.91 ± 0.22 | 1.83 ± 0.32 | 0.721 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.43 ± 0.48 | 3.23 ± 0.63 | 0.721 |
| GHBA1, % | 6.41 ± 0.44 | 7.10 ± 0.90 | 0.003* |
| GHBA1c, % | 4.71 ± 0.24 | 5.23 ± 0.56 | 0.001* |
| Three tests for anemia | |||
| Ferritin, umol/l | 21.63 ± 26.56 | 21.82 ± 14.73 | 0.55 |
| Folic acid, nmol/L | 26.57 ± 12.36 | 29.20 ± 16.32 | 0.684 |
| Vitamin B12, pmol/L | 265.39 ± 107.12 | 245.82 ± 55.51 | 0.987 |
| Variable | Healthy control group (n = 65) | Gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 65) | P valuea |
| Late-pregnancy features (T2) | |||
| GHBA1, % | – | 7.25 ± 0.99 | – |
| GHBA1c, % | – | 5.45 ± 0.61 | – |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 125.83 ± 10.8 | 125.09 ± 13.68 | 0.733 |
| Comprehensive metabolic panel | |||
| ALT, U/L | 13.65 ± 9.23 | 13.69 ± 5.95 | 0.479 |
| AST, U/L | 20.29 ± 5.64 | 20.37 ± 5.87 | 0.887 |
| Glucose, mmol/l | 4.19 ± 0.61 | 4.63 ± 1.14 | 0.007* |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.76 ± 0.98 | 3.61 ± 1.59 | 0.000* |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.80 ± 1.17 | 5.74 ± 1.09 | 0.793 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.95 ± 0.41 | 1.78 ± 0.34 | 0.009* |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.35 ± 0.84 | 3.28 ± 0.87 | 0.596 |
| APOA1, g/L | 2.26 ± 0.39 | 2.16 ± 0.29 | 0.188 |
| APOE, g/L | 1.26 ± 0.29 | 1.26 ± 0.28 | 0.993 |
| APOB, mg/dL | 8.31 ± 1.46 | 9.07 ± 2.03 | 0.018* |
| TBA, umol/l | 3.37 ± 2.46 | 3.58 ± 2.37 | 0.241 |
| K, mmol/l | 3.93 ± 0.29 | 3.94 ± 0.28 | 0.576 |
| NA, mmol/l | 138.68 ± 1.51 | 138.48 ± 1.59 | 0.464 |
| CA, mmol/l | 2.18 ± 0.11 | 2.20 ± 0.11 | 0.686 |
| P, mmol/l | 1.22 ± 0.21 | 1.23 ± 0.15 | 0.422 |
| Mg, mmol/l | 0.71 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 0.880 |
| Three tests for anemia | |||
| Ferritin, umol/l | 28.48 ± 18.91 | 28.19 ± 21.09 | 0.108 |
| Folic acid, nmol/L | 28.22 ± 11.59 | 31.52 ± 11.64 | 0.503 |
| Vitamin B12, pmol/L | 232.05 ± 92.71 | 242.25 ± 80.16 | 0.733 |
Values are given as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated
Abbreviations: OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, ALT glutamic pyruvic transaminase, AST glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, TBA total bile acid, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, APOA1 apolipoprotein A1, APOE apolipoprotein E, APOB apolipoprotein B
aAll variables were compared using an independent samples t test or nonparametric test; "*" stands for P<0.05, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant