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. 2019 Feb 8;16:29. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1421-8

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — TNF-α mediated the upregulation of p-STAT3 following L5-VRT. a The upregulation of p-STAT3 was induced by L5-VRT. n = 5 per group, **P < 0.01 versus the sham group. b Representative blots and histogram showed the effect of thalidomide on the p-STAT3 upregulation in the rats with L5-VRT. n = 5 per group, **P < 0.01 versus the sham group, ##P < 0.01 versus the corresponding L5-VRT group. c The immunofluorescence staining showed the colocalization of TNF-α with p-STAT3. n = 3 per group, Scale bar, 50 μm