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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 9.
Published in final edited form as: Transfusion. 2018 Nov 1;59(Suppl 1):876–883. doi: 10.1111/trf.14838

Figure. Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells in acute lung injury.

Figure.

(A) In ALI models with various etiologies including lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli bacteria, and ischemia-reperfusion injury, administration of MSC-derived EVs was associated with the transfer of Ang-11 and KGF mRNA and possibly mitochondria from the EVs to the alveolar epithelium and endothelium, contributing in preservation of alveolar-capillary permeability and improved alveolar fluid clearance. MSC-derived EVs also changed monocyte/macrophage towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype with increased phagocytic activity, which resulted in increased bacterial clearance. (B) In a model of hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia, MSC-derived exosomes improved lung architecture and function through modulation of lung macrophage phenotype, suppressing the pro-inflammatory M1 and augmenting an anti-inflammatory M2-like state. In a model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, MSC-derived exosomes also prevented vascular remodeling by suppressing the hypoxic induction of STAT3 and up-regulated miR-204 levels, interfering with the STAT3-miR-204-STAT3 feed-forward loop. In a model of aspergillus hyphal extract-induced asthma, MSC-derived EVs mitigated Th2/Th17-mediated airway hyper-responsiveness by shifting the Th2/Th17 inflammatory response towards a counter-regulatory Th1 response. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; EV, extracellular vesicle; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; E. coli, Escherichia coli; ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; Ang-1, angiopoietin-1; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; PH, pulmonary hypertension; STAT3, signal transducer and activator transcription 3; AHE, aspergillus hyphal extract.