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. 2019 Feb 4;6:4. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00004

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Copyright © 2019 Hermansson, Kumar, Collado, Salminen, Isolauri and Rautava.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Significant differences in breast milk microbiota composition were detected 1 month after delivery between mothers who delivered vaginally (VD) or by cesarean section (CS) and exposed or not exposed to intrapartum antibiotics (IAB) by Bray-Curtis Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and ANOSIM test; p = 0.001 (A). When the mothers were grouped by only mode of delivery, VD mothers clustered distinctly from CS mothers; ANOSIM p = 0.001 (B). In contrast, no significant clustering was detected when the mothers were group by IAB; ANOSIM p = 0.54 (C).