Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of the study population.
| VD without IAP n = 38 | VD with IAP n = 23 | Non-elective CS without IAP n = 6 | Non-elective CS with IAP n = 7 | Elective CS without IAP n = 10 | Total n = 84 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother's age (years) | 32 (26–44) |
31 (23–40) |
31 (29–34) |
32 (30–34) |
32 (28–39) |
32 (23–40) |
| First pregnancy (yes) | 15 (60%) |
21 (58%) |
5 (83%) |
6 (85%) |
6 (60%) |
53 (63%) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 (18.4–33.6) |
24.3 (19.7–38.5) |
23.0 (20.0–27.0) |
24.9 (22.4–28.2) |
25.6 (20.2–33.5) |
24.1 (18.4–38.5) |
| Maternal weight gain (kg) | 15.7 (9.1–25) |
14.4 (5.3–28.5) |
13.7 (3.1–23.3) |
17.2 (11.5–26.3) |
13.3 (6,4–18.6) |
14.4 (3.1–28) |
| Gestational diabetes (yes) | 3 (8%) |
9 (40%) |
1 (17%) |
0 (0%) |
1 (10%) |
14 (17%) |
| Maternal IAP | ||||||
| -Penicillin G | 18 | – | 18 | |||
| -Cephalotin | 2 | 3 | 5 | |||
| -Cephalexin | 1 | – | 1 | |||
| -Penicillin G and metronidazole | – | 1 | 1 | |||
| -Cefuroxim and metronidazole | – | 3 | 3 | |||
| -Cefuroxim | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Infant gender male/female | 17/19 | 17/8 | 5/1 | 3/4 | 9/1 | 51/33 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 40.7 (35.7–42.3) |
39.8 (37.6–41.9) |
40.0 (36.6–41.1) |
40.8 (38.1–42.4) |
39.1 (38.1–39.3) |
39.8 (35.7–42.4) |
| Birth weight (g) | 3540 (4460–2430) |
3420 (2850–4100) |
3770 (2860–4660) |
3920 (3190–4650) |
3560 (2910–4030) |
3550 (4660–2430) |
| Birth length (cm) | 50.3 (46–56) |
50.6 (48–54) |
53 (52.6) |
52 (50–53) |
50 (45–54) |
51 (45–56) |
| Head circumference (cm)* | 35 (32–39) |
35 (33–37) |
36 (35–37) |
35 (33–37) |
37 (35–37) |
35 (32–39) |
| Weight at 6 months (kg) | 8.2 (6.4–12.4) |
8.3 (6.3–10.2) |
8.2 (7.0–9.3) |
8.0 (6.2–9.4) |
8.2 (7.0–9.7) |
8.2 (6.2–12.4) |
| Length at 6 months (cm) | 67.8 (63.0–75.5) |
68.4 (64.0–72.2) |
69.3 (67.3–72.8) |
67.8 (63.1–71.6) |
67.4 (63.6–72.3) |
68 (63.0–76.0) |
| Head circumference at 6 months (cm) | 43.8 (40.7–48.3) |
43.9 (42.0–46.2) |
44.7 (43.3–45.5) |
43.6 (41.0–45.3) |
44.0 (40.7–48.3) |
44.0 (40.7–48.3) |
| Neonatal antibiotic treatment | 1 (3%) |
0 (0%) |
1 (17%) |
0 (0%) |
1 (10%) |
3 (4%) |
| Exclusive breastfeeding at 1mo (yes) | 29 (80%) |
17 (68%) |
4 (57%) |
3 (50%) |
6 (60%) |
59 (70%) |
| Probiotics | ||||||
| -LPR+BL999** | 10 | 9 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 33 |
| -ST11+BL999*** | 9 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 3 | 28 |
| -Placebo | 17 | 11 | 2 | 17 | 5 | 52 |
Continuous variables are expressed as a mean and range. (VD, vaginal delivery; IAP, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis; CS, cesarean section delivery).
*
Statistically significant difference between the delivery groups (P = 0.007).
**
Lactobacillus rhamnosus LPR and Bifidobacterium longum BL999.
***
Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 and Bifidobacterium longum BL999.