Table 5. Perioperative and postoperative music therapy*.

Year	Intervention	N	Patients	Surgery	Type/quality	Results
Symptom: Anxiety, stress, and sleep disturbances
2013 (e18)	Perioperative: music	955	Adults	Cardiac surgery/ intervention	SR, Q high	Stress reduction: WMD = −1.26 (95% CI: [−2.30; −0.22], p = 0.02); anxiety: SMD = −0.70 (95% CI: [−1.17, −0.22], p <0.01); quality of sleep: smd = 0.91 (95% ci: [0.03; 1.79], p = 0.04)
2013 (e19)	Preoperative: music	2051	Adults	Mixed	SR, Q high	Anxiety: −5.72 pts (95% CI: [−7.27; −4.17], p <0.01
2015 (e66)	Music vs other procedure or standard	781	Women	Gynecologic	SR, Q moderate	One study each showed a significant reduction of anxiety or fatigue, respectively
2015 (e29)	Postoperative: music	630	Children/ youth up to 18 years old	Orthopedic, cardiac, and ambulatory	SR, Q high	Anxiety: SMD = −0.34 (95% CI: [−0.66; −0.01]) Stress: SMD = −0.50 (95% CI: [−0.84; −0.16])
2015 (e4)	Music vs midazolame	123	Children up to 7 years	Ambulatory surgery	SR, Q high	Significantly better anxiety reduction with midazolame than with music therapy (p = 0.02)
Symptom: Pain
2015 (e66)	Music vs other procedure or standard	781	Women	Gynecologic	SR, Q moderate	Significant reduction of pain (in five of seven studies) and of need for anesthesia (in one study)
2015 (e29)	Postoperative: music	630	Children/youth up to 18 years old	Mixed	SR, Q high	Pain: SMD = −1.07 (95% CI: [−2.08; −0.07])

* The complete table is available in the eMethods

CI, confidence interval; N, sample size; pts, points; Q, quality determined by AMSTAR score; SMD, standardized mean difference; SR, systematic review; WMD, weighted mean difference