Abstract
Background
Early diagnosis of pregnancy, professional follow-up, and skilled delivery service are the main interventions that reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Generating local based evidence could support targeted and effective intervention placed by a government. Therefore, determining the prevalence of skilled institutional delivery and its associated factors is of supreme importance.
Methods
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women at Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System (DHDSS) site from 2014 to 2015. A total of 1290 pregnant women were included in the study. Data were extracted from what was collected as part of the ongoing DHDSS. Variables were extracted from the Household Registration System (HRS2 version 2.1) database and exported to STATA version 14.1 for analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with skilled institutional delivery. Statistical test was considered significant at P value < 0.05.
Results
The proportion of skilled institutional delivery was 31.0% (95% CI: 28.5, 33.6). Frequent Antenatal care (ANC) visits (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.94; 95% CI: 1.75, 4.94)), living in urban setting (AOR: 9.54; 95% CI: 5.99, 15.17), and ability to read and write (AOR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.75) were factors associated with increased delivery in the health institutions. On the other hand, giving more number of births (AOR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.66) decreased health institution delivery by 61%.
Conclusion
Higher rate of skilled institutional delivery has been observed at the surveillance site as compared with the previous national estimates. Giving less number of births, frequent ANC visits, being in urban residence, and ability to read and write increased the likelihood of health institution delivery. Strengthening interventions that could influence the identified factors could improve mothers' choice to skilled institutional delivery.
1. Introduction
Globally, maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is estimated at 500/100,000 live births of which sub-Saharan countries constitute 56% [1, 2]. Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan African countries with the highest maternal mortality (420/100,000 live births) in the world, which is found to be far from the World Health Organization (WHO) target (267/100,000) for 2015 [3].
In sub-Saharan Africa, however, the high maternal and child mortality has been attributed to low coverage of maternal services during pregnancy, most of which is linked to extremely low utilization of skilled delivery services [4, 5]. According to the 2014 Ethiopian mini-Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), 16% of women in the country gave births at health facilities; the figure was much lower (11.1%) in the Amhara Region [6]. Studies conducted in the country have reported different magnitudes of skilled delivery rate. For example, studies conducted in Arsi, Pastoralist Afar, Sekela district, northwest Ethiopia, Munisa woreda, southeast Ethiopia, and Wukro and Butajira Demographic and Health Surveillance sites reported 16.3% [7], 3.2% [8], 12.1% [9], 12.3% [10], and 25% [11] skilled institutional delivery, respectively.
Giving more number of births is known to be associated with less chance of choosing institutional delivery [12]. Educated mothers [13–15] and those who attended a minimum of one ANC service [14] were more likely to give birth at health institution than their counterparts. Wealth index was the other factor because mothers in the higher wealth were known to opt delivery at health institutions [16]. The age of the mother is also turned out to be the other factor associated with skilled delivery in the health institution as the service dropped when the age of the mother increases [17–20].
In Ethiopia, where only 16% of the births are delivered at health facilities by skilled health professionals, documenting the proportion and factors affecting the desire for such delivery services through a community based study is an important input for planning effective interventions. Additionally, the risk factors for institutional delivery are poorly documented and understood in northwest Ethiopia. The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of skilled delivery service utilization and its associated factors among DHDSS site mothers.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Period
The study was conducted at DHDSS site from 2014 to 2015. Dabat is one of the 24 districts found in North Gondar zone, Amhara National Regional State, located about 820 km northwest of Addis Ababa. The site was established in 1996 in a total of 13 kebeles (the lowest administrative units in Ethiopia). Currently, the site includes 9 rural and 4 urban kebeles of the total 32 kebeles of the district with 17,000 households and 69,468 people.
The Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System is a full member of the International Network of Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health (INDEPTH), a network of 44 DHSSs from the Global South. The detailed data collection system, data quality control, the database, and the study setting of the DHDSS site are described elsewhere.
2.2. Study Design and Population
This analysis was based on a community based longitudinal data collected from the DHDSS. We extracted and used the data collected as part of the DHDSS ongoing surveillance to determine an institutional skilled delivery service and to identify its associated factors in the years 2014 to 2015. We analyzed a data of 1290 pregnant women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years), who had a complete follow-up during their pregnancies and gave birth in the period between January 2014 and December 2015.
2.3. Data Collection Tools and Procedures
Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System site is a community surveillance which includes house-to-house visits that contribute to the ongoing and continuous population events registration of pregnancy (including outcome), ANC attendance, and place of delivery. Specially designed pregnancy and delivery (birth) update forms include variables that describe maternal sociodemographic and reproductive health characteristics.
Trained fieldworkers identified and registered all pregnancies, deliveries, and deaths during their routine household visits of the study area. To ensure a timely capture of all demographic events, field workers visit households where such events occur every month. These visits are performed in addition to the routine six monthly updates of all individuals in every household and location within the DHDSS catchment area. Each registered pregnancy is monitored until completion and then categorized as resulting in a live birth or stillbirth, an abortion, or outmigration if the pregnant woman moved out of the study area.
Skilled institutional delivery was considered when deliveries took place in health institutions and assisted by health professionals (doctors, health officers, nurses, midwives, or health assistants). Maternal residence, educational level, occupation, marital status, religion, and ethnicity were collected as sociodemographic variables. To characterize mothers by their obstetrics, we have included previous pregnancy outcomes, number of live births the mother ever had, and frequency of ANC visits the mother made [21].
2.4. Data Management and Analysis
The Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System site uses the Household Registration System (HRS version 2.1) database, which was customized from other DHSS sites in Africa.
Variables related to delivery service were extracted from the databases and exported to STATA version 14.1. Descriptive analysis, including proportions and cross tabs were made and presented using texts and tables. Variables that had a significant associations with institutional delivery (P value less than 0.2) in the bivariable binary logistic regression analysis were entered into a multivariable binary logistic regression model to identify the factors associated with skilled institutional delivery service utilization. Finally, variables that had a significant associations with institutional delivery service utilization were identified on the basis of their Adjusted Odds Ratio with a 95% CI and P value<0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women
A total of 1290 pregnant women at the DHDSS site participated in the study. Of these, 1049 (81.32%) were married, 979 (75.89%) were housewives, 855 (66.28%) cannot read and write, and the majority (81.78%) lived in the rural parts of the district (Table 1).
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant mothers at DHDSS site, northwest Ethiopia, 2014-2015.
| Characteristics | Number (Percent) |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | |
| Amhara | 1,288 (99.80) |
| Tigray | 2 (0.20) |
| Religion | |
| Orthodox | 1267 (98.22) |
| Muslim | 23 (1.78) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 170 (13.18) |
| Married | 1,049 (81.32) |
| Divorced | 71 (5.50) |
| Educational status | |
| Not read and write | 855 (66.28) |
| Read and write | 435 (33.72) |
| Occupation | |
| All types of paid jobs | 219 (16.98) |
| Housewife | 979 (75.89) |
| Unemployed | 92 (7.13) |
| Residence | |
| Rural | 1,055 (81.78) |
| Urban | 235 (18.22) |
3.2. Obstetric History of the Pregnant Women
Among the participants, 476 (36.91%) had four to eleven pregnancies, while three-fourths, 960 (74.42%), of the mothers had one live birth. Over half, 684 (53.02%), of the mothers made one to two visits for Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine, while one-third, 430 (33.33%), made ≥4 ANC visits (Table 2).
Table 2.
Obstetric characteristics of pregnant mothers at DHDSS site, northwest Ethiopia, 2014-2015.
| Characteristics | Number (Percent) |
|---|---|
| Total Number of pregnancies | |
| One (first pregnancy) | 352 (27.28) |
| Two to three | 462 (35.81) |
| Four to eleven | 476 (36.91) |
| Parity (Birth) | |
| One | 960 (74.42) |
| Two to three | 234 (18.14) |
| Four to nine | 96 (7.44) |
| TT vaccination history | |
| Not vaccinated | 536 (41.55) |
| One to two times | 684 (53.02) |
| Three to four times | 70 (5.43) |
| Frequency of ANC visited | |
| Not attended | 391 (30.31) |
| One to three times | 469 (36.36) |
| Four and more times | 430 (33.33) |
3.3. Prevalence of Skilled Institutional Delivery
In this study, the prevalence of skilled institutional delivery was found to be 31.0% (95% CI: 28.53%, 33.59%). We found a high disparity of skilled delivery within the rural and urban settings (p <0.001).
3.4. Factors Associated with Skilled Institutional Delivery
After adjusting for sociodemographic and mothers obstetric characteristics; frequency of ANC visits, total number of pregnancies, residence, and educational status were significantly associated with skilled institutional delivery.
Accordingly, the odds of skilled institutional delivery among mothers who made ≥4 ANC visits to heath institutions were 2.94 times (AOR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.75, 4.94) as likely as compared to mothers who had <4 ANC visits. Similarly, the odds of skilled institutional delivery decreased by 53% (AOR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.77) and 61% (AOR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.66) among mothers who had two to three and four to eleven pregnancies, respectively.
Urban dwellers were 9.54 times (AOR: 9.54; 95%CI: 5.99, 15.17) likely to have skilled delivery services in health institution compared to their rural counterparts. Educational status of a mother had a significant association with skilled institutional delivery. The odds of getting skilled delivery services at health institutions among mothers who read and write were 1.81 times (AOR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.75) likely compared to their counterparts (Table 3).
Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with skilled institutional delivery at DHDSS site, northwest Ethiopia, 2014-2015.
| Variables | Delivery | COR, 95%CI | AOR,95%CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HI | Home | |||
| Frequency of ANC visited | ||||
| Not attended | 105 | 286 | 1 | 1 |
| One to three times | 100 | 369 | 0.74 (0.54,1.01) | 1.27 (0.77,2.12) |
| Four and more times | 195 | 235 | 2.26 (1.68,3.03) | 2.94 (1.75,4.94)∗ |
| Total number of pregnancies | ||||
| First pregnancy | 146 | 206 | 1 | 1 |
| Two to three | 162 | 300 | 0.77 (0.57,1.03) | 0.47 (0.28,0.77)∗ |
| Four to eleven | 92 | 384 | 0.34 (0.25,0.82) | 0.39 (0.22,0.66)∗ |
| TT vaccination history | ||||
| Not vaccinated | 174 | 362 | 1 | 1 |
| One to two times | 202 | 482 | 0.87 (0.64,1.08) | 1.07 (0.71,1.63) |
| Three to four times | 24 | 46 | 1.09 (0.62,1.91) | 1.75 (0.85,3.61) |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 195 | 40 | 20.21 (13.92,29.34) | 9.54 (5.99,15.17)∗ |
| Rural | 205 | 850 | 1 | 1 |
| Educational status | ||||
| Not read and write | 157 | 698 | 1 | 1 |
| Read and write | 243 | 192 | 5.63 (4.35,7.27) | 1.81 (1.18,2.75)∗ |
| Occupation | ||||
| All types of paid jobs | 131 | 88 | 5.05 (3.70,6.87) | 1.58 (0.86,2.90) |
| Housewife | 223 | 756 | 1 | 1 |
| Job seeker | 46 | 46 | 3.39 (2.19,5.24) | 0.98 (0.47,2.05) |
| Mother's marital status | ||||
| Single | 77 | 93 | 2.24 (1.61,3.12) | 0.70 (0.37,1.72) |
| Married | 283 | 766 | 1 | 1 |
| Divorced | 40 | 31 | 3.49 (2.14,5.69) | 1.67 (0.81,3.46) |
∗p value<0.05.
4. Discussion
Maternal mortality can be significantly reduced if all pregnant women get skilled delivery services at health institutions [22]. Nevertheless, the number of pregnant mothers who had skilled delivery services have not shown significant changes in the past decades [6, 23].
This study found out two-year skilled institutional deliveries of 31% among DHDSS site pregnant women, which is significantly higher than the mini-EDHS (16%) report [23]. Our finding was also significantly higher than those of studies in Arsi, Sekela district, northwest Ethiopia, Munisa woreda, southeast Ethiopia, and Wukro and Butajira DSS sites which reported 16.3% [7], 12.1% [9], 12.3% [10], and 25% [11], respectively. The difference might be attributed to the fact that during this period many interventions that might result in a better coverage were carried out by the government.
However, the current finding was lower than studies conducted in Sodo woreda, Bahir Dar town, and East Welega zone which reported 62.2% [17], 78.8% [24], and 39.7% [25], respectively. This discrepancy might account for real intervention differences among the study areas. On top of that, those study areas are exclusively urban where there is better access of health facilities and awareness of mothers about giving birth in health facilities.
This study also attempted to identify factors associated with skilled institutional delivery. Skilled institutional delivery and frequency of ANC visits had direct relationship; that is, the more times the mother went to health facilities, the better chance of getting skilled delivery service at health institutions. This finding is consistent with other studies conducted in different parts of the country [26–28]. It has been noted that one component of ANC is to provide information related to pregnancy outcomes and common planning of delivery options. This information could have helped mothers to choose health institutions to deliver their babies. Like other studies conducted in different parts of the country [18, 29], this work identified the associations between skilled institutional delivery and the number of pregnancies that the mother had. The odds of skilled institutional delivery was 53% and 61% lower among mothers who had two to three and four to eleven pregnancies compared to primigravida mothers. This could be attributed to the fact that the mother who had more number of pregnancies might undermine the risk and have more confidence in having healthy deliveries. On top of that, the existence of less risk and less occurrence of prolonged labor compared to primigravida mothers could affect their preference for health institution delivery.
The other variable which had a significant association with skilled institutional delivery service was mother's educational status. Accordingly, more educated mothers had more chance of choosing skilled institutional delivery service. Mothers who could read and write were 1.81 times likely to get skilled institutional delivery. The finding is similar to those of other studies conducted so far [9, 30]. It is expected that educated mothers have a high level of health awareness and greater knowledge about available health services; they are thus most likely to know and choose quality services and easily understand the risk behind home delivery.
Similarly, like other studies published on this area [20, 29, 30], this study identified the effect of women's residence on their institutional delivery choice. Urban women were 9 times as likely to get skilled institutional delivery service. This might be explained by the fact that urban mothers have better access to health facilities and information related to health institution delivery benefits.
As a limitation, unmeasured independent factors like economic status, knowledge of danger signs, attitude towards health professionals, husbands' approval and involvement, and quality of ANC and logistics of the health institutions might have important impacts on the outcomes that have not been captured in this study. Therefore, the application of this finding for community intervention and comparison should take the inherent limitation of the work into account.
5. Conclusion
The prevalence of skilled institutional delivery has shown a marked increase over previous EDHS research findings. Pregnant women who had lower number of births and frequent ANC visits, lived in urban areas, and were able to read and write were more likely to choose health institution delivery. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the increase in the literacy rate of rural mothers and to the promotion of the importance of frequent ANC visits.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Science and Ethiopian Public Health Association for funding this study. Also we would like to thank the field supervisors, data collectors, study participants, and health department of the respective administration.
Abbreviations
- AOR:
Adjusted Odds Ratio
- ANC:
Antenatal care
- CI:
Confidence interval
- COR:
Crude Odds Ratio
- DHDSS:
Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System
- EDHS:
Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
- HI:
Health institutions
- HRS:
Household Registration System
- MDG:
Millennium Development Goals
- MMR:
Maternal mortality ratio
- SDG:
Sustainable Development Goals
- TT:
Tetanus Toxoid
- WHO:
World Health Organization.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Ethical Approval
This study used preexisting data of DHDSS which had already received ethical clearance from Institutional Review Board (IRB) of University of Gondar.
Consent
Informed consent was obtained from the head of the family for all the surveillance data collected. In addition, for specific events like pregnancy and its outcome, the informant was requested to give informed consent. The analysis was based on an anonymous, public-use dataset with no identifiable information on the study participants.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declared that there are no any conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Abel Fekadu, Mezgebu Yitayal, and Geta Asrade Alemayehu wrote the proposal, participated in data collection, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Solomon Mekonnen Abebe, Tadesse Awoke Ayele, Amare Tariku, Gashaw Andargie, Destaw Fetene Teshome, and Kassahun Alemu Gelaye approved the proposal with revisions, led the data collection activity, entered the data, and commented on the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.