Table 2.

Conditions predisposing to increased risk of acute cholecystitis

Acute non-biliary diseases	Immunocompromised illness
Acute renal failure	Infections (hepatitis B virus, ascariasis in developing countries)
Age > 60 years	Major surgery
Biliary sludge	Female gender
Cardiovascular disease (history of ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage)	Multiple trauma
Diabetes mellitus	Sepsis
Gallstones	Severe burns
Hormonal replacement therapy	Systemic vasculitis
Hypertriglyceridemia	Total parenteral nutrition, long term fasting

Adapted from Portincasa P, Wang DQH. Gallstones. In: Podolsky KD, Camilleri M, Fitz JG, Kalloo AN, Shanahan F, Wang TC, eds. Yamada’s Textbook of Gastroenterology. 6th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey (USA): Wiley-Blackwell, 2015:1808-1834 [56].