Table 1. Literature Data for the Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Various Lignins in the Absence of an External Solvent.
| lignin | catalyst | temp. (°C) | H2 pressure (bar) | time (h) | total yield of monomers (%)a | oil yield (%)a | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organocell | 21%NiMo/Al2SiO5 | 420 | 100 | 1 | 21.8 | 61.6 | (42) |
| Kraft | S-21%NiMo/Al2SiO5 + S-20%Cr2O3/Al2O3 (1:1) | 430 | 90 | 1 | 38.4 | 57 | (43) |
| pyrolytic lignin | Ru/C | 400 | 100d | 4 | 39.8b | 75.8 | (44) |
| 51.3c | 75.4 | ||||||
| Alcell | Ru/C | 400 | 100d | 4 | 22.1 | 63.9 | (45) |
| 8 | 29.7 | 72.8 | |||||
| Kraft | S-NiMo/MgO-La2O3 | 350 | 100d | 4 | 26.4 | 48.2 | (46) |
| Kraft | limonite | 450 | 100d | 4 | 31 | 33.7 | (47) |
a
Yield is in wt % on lignin intake.
b
Lignin from pine wood.
c
Forestry residue.
d
Initial pressure at room temperature, up to 200 bar at actual reaction temperature.