Table 4. Lignin Oil Yields and Mass Balances for the Hydrotreatment of Kraft Lignin Using Mono- and Bimetallic Mo-Based Catalystsa.
| catalyst | temp. (°C) | time (h) | oil yield (%)b | gas phase (%)b | water (%)b | solid (%)b | mass balance (%)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20NiMoP/AC | 350 | 4 | 61.7 | 5.4 | 11.8 | 4.5 | 85c |
| 15MoP/AC | 400 | 0 | 80.5 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 2.9 | 99 |
| 2 | 67.2 | 9.0 | 20.3 | 1.7 | 97 | ||
| 4 | 61.2 | 8.4 | 21.0 | 5.1 | 96 | ||
| 8 | 59.8 | 10.7 | 23.0 | 4.9 | 98 | ||
| 20NiMoP/AC | 400 | 0 | 77.4 | 6.4 | 12.0 | 1.7 | 97 |
| 2 | 67.2 | 8.6 | 19.7 | 4.0 | 99 | ||
| 4 | 64.3 | 10.1 | 19.8 | 5.1 | 99 | ||
| 8 | 64.5 | 9.8 | 20.3 | 3.5 | 98 | ||
| 15MoP/AC | 425 | 4 | 49.5 | 9.7 | 20.7 | 13.2 | 93 |
| 20NiMoP/AC | 425 | 4 | 55.7 | 14.4 | 21.5 | 7.6 | 99 |
| 15MoP/AC | 450 | 0 | 64.7 | 9.8 | 18.8 | 4.2 | 97 |
| 1 | 51.1 | 11.5 | 20.0 | 12.5 | 95 | ||
| 4 | 37.2 | 15.4 | 22.5 | 20.4 | 95 | ||
| 20NiMoP/AC | 450 | 0 | 62.7 | 9.2 | 20.3 | 5.1 | 97 |
| 1 | 52.1 | 11.8 | 22.4 | 11.5 | 98 | ||
| 4 | 42.1 | 13.7 | 22.8 | 17.7 | 96 | ||
| 15MoP/AC | 500 | 0 | 41.4 | 12.4 | 22.5 | 19.8 | 96 |
| 20NiMoP/AC | 500 | 0 | 47.4 | 12.8 | 22.7 | 15.2 | 98 |
a
Reaction conditions: Kraft lignin, 15 g; catalyst, 0.75 g; hydrogen pressure of 100 bar at RT; 1200 rpm.
b
Percent is wt % on lignin intake.
c
Lower mass balance closure than experiments at higher temperatures due to the viscous nature of the product oil, which hampers isolation and separation.