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. 2019 Feb 7;14:1027–1038. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S188887

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© 2019 Singh et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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In vivo applications of UCNPs in intestinal infection, inflammation, and colorectal cancer.

Notes: In this figure, we depict potential (red arrows) and current (blue arrow) target areas where UCNPs can be used either for imaging or treating infection, inflammation, and colon cancer. Bacterial infection and/or inflammation leading to IBD and colorectal cancer are depicted with black arrows. UCNPs loaded with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds can be used to treat infection, inflammation, and cancer. Furthermore, hypoxia-sensitive UCNPs can be used to monitor the hypoxic state of the gastrointestinal tract. Due to the NIR excitation range, UCNPs are currently being used for localized PDT in certain cancer forms.

Abbreviations: IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; NIR, near infrared; PDT, photodynamic therapy; UCNPs, upconverting nanoparticles.