FIGURE 5.

n–3 PUFAs attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress. Herein, n–3 PUFAs directly interact with TLR4, IKK, and PPAR-γ to inhibit the activation of NF-κB. As a result, secretions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by stressed cells are inhibited. In addition, n–3 PUFAs can induce Nrf2 to dissociate from Keap1 to initiate the expressions of antioxidative genes encoding SOD, HO-1, and NQO-1. HO-1, heme-oxygenase 1; IKK, inhibitor of κB kinase; I-κB, inhibitor of κB; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH–associated protein 1; NQO-1, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2; P, phosphorylation; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; Ub, ubiquitination; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.