Table 3.

Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models of income volatility and number of income drops (1990–2005) with incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality (2005–2015), CARDIA study

	Cardiovascular Disease				All-Cause Mortality
	Model 1 HR (95% CI)	Model 2 HR (95% CI)	Model 3 HR (95% CI)	Model 4 HR (95% CI)	Model 1 HR (95% CI)	Model 2 HR (95% CI)	Model 3 HR (95% CI)	Model 4 HR (95% CI)
Tertiles of Income Volatility
Low	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Medium	1.32 (0.76, 2.30)	1.29 (0.70, 2.38)	1.13 (0.60, 2.15)	1.03 (0.53, 1.99)	1.43 (0.87, 2.34)	1.24 (0.88, 1.76)	1.53 (0.92, 2.57)	1.38 (0.80, 2.38)
High	2.57 (1.57, 4.22)	2.32 (1.27, 4.25)	2.30 (1.24, 4.25)	2.07 (1.10, 3.90)	2.23 (1.37, 3.64)	2.51 (1.57, 4.00)	2.14 (1.27, 3.61)	1.78 (1.03, 3.09)
Number of Income Drops
0	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
1	1.88 (1.25, 2.84)	1.58 (0.99, 5.25)	1.44 (0.89, 2.34)	1.43 (0.87, 2.33)	1.34 (0.96, 1.87)	1.10 (0.74, 1.62)	0.94 (0.62, 1.42)	0.92 (0.61, 1.40)
2+	3.35 (1.87, 6.03)	2.62 (1.31, 5.25)	2.70 (1.34, 5.43)	2.54 (1.24, 5.19)	2.90 (1.83, 4.57)	2.39 (1.41, 4.06)	2.07 (1.19, 3.61)	1.92 (1.07, 3.44)

Abbreviations: CARDIA: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; HR: Hazard ratio.

Boldface indicates statistical significance, p < 0.05

Model 1 is unadjusted; model 2 is adjusted for 1990 age, sex, race, less than a high school education, marital status, number of people in the household, 1992 health insurance status, and study site; model 3 is additionally adjusted for 1990 BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, elevated depressive symptoms, and 1992 fasting glucose; and model 4 is additionally adjusted for 1990 income and unemployment status