Table 2.
Cox models predicting diabetes onset for adults (ages 18–69) for total sample and separately for men and women
| Total (N=5,505) |
Men (N=2,363) |
Women (N=3,142) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Lifetime drinking (ref Lifetime abstainers) | ||||||
| No Alcohol this period | 0.99 | (0.79, 1.25) | 1.03 | (0.69, 1.54) | 0.98 | (0.74, 1.31) |
| No 5+, Freq < monthly | 0.98 | (0.77, 1.26) | 1.08 | (0.69, 1.69) | 0.95 | (0.70, 1.29) |
| 5+ yearly, Freq < monthly | 0.94 | (0.61, 1.44) | 0.82 | (0.43, 1.55) | 1.13 | (0.62, 2.05) |
| 5+ <monthly, Freq ≥ monthly | 0.62 | (0.46, 0.84)** | 0.73 | (0.45, 1.18) | 0.57 | (0.38, 0.86)** |
| 5+ <monthly, Freq ≥ weekly | 0.47 | (0.33, 0.66)*** | 0.51 | (0.31, 0.83)** | 0.44 | (0.26, 0.74)** |
| 5+ ≥ 1x/month | 0.56 | (0.38, 0.82)** | 0.47 | (0.27, 0.84)* | 0.71 | (0.41, 1.22) |
| 5+ ≥ 1x/week | 0.79 | (0.57, 1.08) | 0.80 | (0.51, 1.28) | 0.85 | (0.52, 1.40) |
| Gender male | (stratified) | NA | NA | |||
| Race/ethnicity (ref White) | ||||||
| Black | 1.31 | (1.08, 1.58)** | 1.32 | (0.99, 1.78) | 1.36 | (1.06, 1.75)* |
| Hispanic | 1.50 | (1.22, 1.84)*** | 1.65 | (1.21, 2.24)** | 1.45 | (1.10, 1.92)** |
| Others | 1.70 | (1.20, 2.40)** | 2.16 | (1.28, 3.64)** | 1.48 | (0.93, 2.36) |
| Education (ref <HS grad) | ||||||
| High school grad | 0.83 | (0.66, 1.04) | 0.74 | (0.51, 1.05) | 0.90 | (0.67, 1.20) |
| Some college | 0.80 | (0.63, 1.02) | 0.73 | (0.50, 1.07) | 0.85 | (0.62, 1.16) |
| College grad/more | 0.69 | (0.53, 0.90)** | 0.61 | (0.40, 0.92)* | 0.76 | (0.54, 1.09) |
| Family income (ref < $20k) | ||||||
| $20–39,999k | 0.91 | (0.73, 1.13) | 1.18 | (0.83, 1.69) | 0.73 | (0.54, 0.98)* |
| $40–79,999k | 0.86 | (0.69, 1.09) | 1.03 | (0.71, 1.49) | 0.75 | (0.55, 1.01) |
| At least $80k | 0.69 | (0.51, 0.93)* | 0.94 | (0.60, 1.48) | 0.50 | (0.32, 0.77)** |
| Missing | 0.66 | (0.51, 0.86)** | 0.72 | (0.45, 1.16) | 0.62 | (0.45, 0.85)** |
| Employment (ref Full-time) | ||||||
| Part-time | 0.73 | (0.54, 1.00)* | 0.99 | (0.64, 1.52) | 0.56 | (0.36, 0.87)** |
| Retired | 1.13 | (0.91, 1.40) | 1.12 | (0.83, 1.53) | 1.11 | (0.82, 1.51) |
| Unemployed/others | 1.31 | (1.06, 1.62)* | 1.10 | (0.78, 1.54) | 1.41 | (1.07, 1.87)* |
| Marital status (ref Married) | ||||||
| Separate/Divorce/Widowed | 0.91 | (0.76, 1.08) | 1.02 | (0.76, 1.37) | 0.83 | (0.66, 1.04) |
| Never married | 0.95 | (0.76, 1.18) | 1.23 | (0.89, 1.71) | 0.80 | (0.59, 1.08) |
| Smoking (ref Never smoke) | ||||||
| Current Smoker | 1.09 | (0.90, 1.32) | 1.14 | (0.85, 1.52) | 1.02 | (0.78, 1.33) |
| Ex-smoker | 1.17 | (0.92, 1.50) | 0.87 | (0.59, 1.28) | 1.50 | (1.09, 2.07)* |
| Body Mass Index (ref Normal) | ||||||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 1.64 | (0.59, 4.53) | 2.24 | (0.51, 9.87) | 1.28 | (0.31, 5.36) |
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 2.07 | (1.55, 2.77)*** | 2.49 | (1.57, 3.95)*** | 1.77 | (1.21, 2.60)** |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 3.40 | (2.59, 4.48)*** | 4.41 | (2.81, 6.91)*** | 2.83 | (1.99, 4.01)*** |
| Missing | 2.64 | (1.80, 3.86)*** | 2.28 | (0.98, 5.34) | 2.56 | (1.65, 3.99)*** |
| Parental alcohol problem | 1.12 | (0.92, 1.36) | 1.30 | (0.95, 1.78) | 1.02 | (0.79, 1.32) |
| Childhood physical abuse | 0.95 | (0.77, 1.17) | 0.84 | (0.61, 1.15) | 1.01 | (0.75, 1.36) |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 1.21 | (0.94, 1.55) | 1.10 | (0.64, 1.92) | 1.25 | (0.94, 1.67) |
*
HR=hazard ratio; CI=confidence intervals; p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001