Histological and immunohistochemical findings (A) Area of PPFE showing markedly thickened pleura and subpleural fibroelastosis. (B) Elastica van Gieson staining of the same field shows the increase of elastic fibers. (C–D) Area of BO shows constrictive change by collagenous fibrosis. Note denudation of covering epithelia. (E) Diffuse cellular infiltrates showing NSIP pattern. (F) The transitional area between PPFE and adjacent lung shows denudation and inflammatory cells infiltration into epithelial lining cells creating lymphoepithelial lesions (arrow). (G) AE1/AE3 immunostaining highlights denuded lining epithelia (arrowheads). (H–K). Immunostaining for CD20 (H, J) and CD3 (I, K) reveals almost exclusive CD3 positive cells in NSIP (H, I) and PPFE (J, K). Hematoxylin and eosin (A, C, E, F), elastica van Gieson (B, D), immunohistochemistry (G–K); × 50 (A, B), × 400 (C, D, F, G–I), × 100 (E, J, K).