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. 2019 Feb 5;10:20. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00020

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Copyright © 2019 Zhou, Wei, Zhang, Li, Bo, Wan, Lu and Hu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The influences of expectancy level and anxiety state (STAI-S) on placebo effects. Significant main effect of expectancy level was only observed for changes of pain intensity (Left). Significant interaction of expectancy level and anxiety state (STAI-S) was observed for changes of unpleasantness (Right), but not for changes of pain intensity (Left). Error bars indicate standard error, and data from participants with low and high scores of State subscale of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Low STAI-S and High STAI-S) are marked in blue and red, respectively.