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. 2019 Feb 11;9:1732. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38389-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Renoprotective effects of SF is associated with the alleviation of renal inflammation and fibrosis. (a) Quantitative analysis of MCP-1, osteopontin (OPN), PAI-1, TGF-β, and α1(I) collagen (Col1a1) gene expression by real time RT-PCR in the kidney of RK and RK+SF rats (n = 8 each group). (b) Immunohistochemical staining for ED-1 (CD68) in the kidneys of RK (left) and RK + SF (right) rats. Infiltration of the CD68-positive macrophages (indicated by arrows) in RK rats was ameliorated by SF. Bar represents 100 μm. (c) Masson’s trichrome staining of the kidney sections from RK (left) and RK + SF (right) rats. Fibrotic area was reduced by SF administration. Bar represents 100 μm. (d,e) Quantitative analysis of the CD68-positive area (d) and fibrosis area (e) (see also Methods; n = 4 each group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001.