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. 2019 Feb 11;9:1770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38351-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metformin treatment does not affect body weight, but reduces food intake and urinary glucose excretion in db/db mice. Db/m and db/db mice were treated with metformin for four weeks. (a) Body weight of the animals, measured twice weekly and on the days of the metabolic cage experiments. Triangles, db/m mice; circles, db/db mice; open symbols, placebo-treated mice; closed symbols, metformin-treated mice. (b) Body weight at the end of the experiment, after four weeks of treatment. (c) Food intake, (d) total feces weight, (e) water intake and (f) urinary volume determined over a period of 24 hours, using metabolic cages, after four weeks of treatment. (g) Non-fasted serum glucose concentration and (h) 24-hour urinary glucose excretion after four weeks of treatment. Open bars, placebo-treated mice; closed bars, metformin-treated mice. Data are mean ± SEM. Depending on the absence or presence of a significant interaction effect between genotype and treatment, either a two-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparison test) or an unpaired multiple t test (Holm-Sidak multiple comparison test) approach, respectively, was used to determine statistical significance. *Indicates a p ≤ 0.05.