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. 2019 Feb 11;9:1770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38351-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Upregulation in the expression of essential renal magnesiotropic genes in db/db mice. mRNA expression of genes involved in renal electrolyte handling (a) Trpm6, (b) Slc41a3, (c) Slc12a3, (d) Slc12a1, (e) Cldn10b (1.00 ± 0.05 vs. 0.83 ± 0.02 relative gene expression in db/m vs. db/db mice, two-way ANOVA p ≤ 0.05), (f) Cldn14, (g) Cldn16, (h) Cldn19, (i) Trpm7 and (j) Fxyd2. Open bars, placebo-treated mice; closed bars, metformin-treated mice. Data are mean ± SEM. Depending on the absence or presence of a significant interaction effect between genotype and treatment, either a two-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparison test) or an unpaired multiple t test (Holm-Sidak multiple comparison test) approach, respectively, was used to determine statistical significance. *Indicates a p ≤ 0.05.