Table 2.
Smoking status and global brain volumes in the CARDIA brain MRI cohort
| Total brain volume | Total white matter volume | Total gray matter volume | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | 95% CI | p | Beta | 95% CI | p | Beta | 95% CI | p | |
| Basic model: demographics, intracranial volume | |||||||||
| Never-smokers | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Former-smokers | −1.72 | −6.55, 3.10 | 0.49 | 1.80 | −2.25, 5.86 | 0.38 | −3.52 | −7.12, 0.07 | 0.05 |
| Current smokers | −9.23 | −15.38, −3.09 | 0.003 | −0.37 | −5.53, 4.79 | 0.89 | −8.86 | −13.44, −4.29 | 0.0002 |
| Vascular factors model: demographics, intracranial volume, vascular risk factors | |||||||||
| Never-smokers | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Former-smokers | −1.04 | −6.21, 3.41 | 0.57 | 1.95 | −.118, 6.02 | 0.35 | −3.35 | −6.95, 0.25 | 0.07 |
| Current smokers | −8.36 | −14.53, −2.19 | 0.008 | −0.030 | −5.24, 5.18 | 0.99 | −8.33 | −12.94, −3.72 | 0.0004 |
| Respiratory factors model: demographics, intracranial volume, respiratory factors (respiratory illnesses + FEV1) | |||||||||
| Never-smokers | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Former-smokers | −1.58 | −6.57, 3.41 | 0.54 | 1.58 | −2.62, 5.77 | 0.46 | −3.15 | −6.88, 0.58 | 0.10 |
| Current smokers | −9.06 | −15.69, −2.42 | 0.008 | −1.37 | −6.95, 4.21 | 0.63 | −7.69 | −6.95, 4.21 | 0.002 |
| Substance use/psychological factors model: demographics, intracranial volume, substance use/psychological factors | |||||||||
| Never-smokers | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| Former-smokers | 0.24 | −4.78, 5.27 | 0.93 | 2.04 | −2.23, 6.30 | 0.35 | −1.80 | −5.52, 1.93 | 0.34 |
| Current smokers | −5.24 | −11.69, 1.21 | 0.11 | 0.30 | −5.18, 5.77 | 0.92 | −5.54 | −10.32, −0.76 | 0.02 |
Basic model adjusted for age, sex, education, race, study center, and total intracranial volume, n = 698
Vascular factors model adjusted for age, sex, education, study center, race, and total intracranial volume, hypertension, diabetes, history of vascular disorders, BMI, and high cholesterol, n = 698
Respiratory factors adjusted for age, sex, education, race, study center, and total intracranial volume, respiratory illness, and FEV1, n = 643 (sub-sample with spirometer data)
Substance use/psychological factors model adjusted for age, sex, education, race, and total intracranial volume, alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, and illicit drug use, n = 698
Bold values: We were highlighting the statistically significant results