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. 2019 Feb 11;9:1782. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38466-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Speculated antioxidant related signaling pathways induced by APS in MEFs. (1) Because of the similarities in structure between APS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we speculate that TLR4 is likely the primary receptor of APS and that the subsequent signals are transmitted via MyD88, IRAK1 and TRAF6. (2) The two intracellular signaling pathways induced by APS may be (I) the MAPK signaling pathway including p38, JNK and ERK, which can induce the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and (II) the classical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway.