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. 2019 Feb 11;10(2):124. doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1333-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a−c Western blotting and densitometric analysis demonstrate that luteolin, quercetin or myricetin dose-dependently inhibits the expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 without affecting the other factors in TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway or Smad1/5/9 in BMP signaling. d Representative images of immunofluorescence staining of human dermal fibroblasts exhibit a significant reduction in TGF-β1-induced Smad3 (green) translocation into the nuclei. e Luteolin, quercetin or myricetin has no significant impact on the expression of TGF-β1 based on ELISA assay. f Luteolin, quercetin or myricetin does not induce notable effect on the expression of TGFβRI or TGFβRII according to western blotting. Data are the mean ± SD (three independent experiments); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001