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. 2019 Feb 11;9:1759. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38186-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human macrophages survive in vivo for up to two weeks post-injection following injection directly into the circulation of the zebrafish. (a) Schematic showing experimental set up, where human macrophages were directly injected into the circulation of 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae, after being differentiated from primary human monocytes. Injected larvae were imaged at 1, 7 and/or 14 days post injection (dpi). (b,c) Micrographs of whole larva at 3 dpf (left) showing distribution and survival of human primary macrophages (blue) differentiated at either at physiological temperature of zebrafish (28.5 °C) or at physiological temperature of humans (37 °C) before injection into the caudal vein of transgenic fli:GFP (vessels-red) zebrafish larvae. Micrographs display macrophage distribution at 1 dpi. Bottom panels: Micrographs of 3D projections at higher magnification of insets highlighted in tiled images showing distribution and survival of human primary macrophages (blue). (d) Top panel: micrograph shows tiled image of the 9 dpf zebrafish, 7dpi, showing distribution and survival of human primary macrophages differentiated at human physiological temperature (37 °C) (blue) injected into transgenic fli:GFP (vessels-red) zebrafish larva. Bottom panel: Micrographs of 3D projections at higher magnification of insets highlighted in tiled image showing distribution and survival of human primary macrophages (blue). (e) Top panel: micrograph shows representative tiled image of a 16 dpf zebrafish. Bottom panel: Micrographs of 3D projections showing distribution and survival of human primary macrophages (blue) at 14 dpi following injection to transgenic mpx:gfp (neutrophils-green)/flk:mCherry (vessels-red) zebrafish larvae at 2 dpf. Arrows indicate macrophage positions.