Fig. 3.

Ubqln4 induces cellular senescence and cell cycle arrest. a Induction of cellular senescence by Ubqln4 overexpression. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining was performed in MKN45 and BGC-823 stable cell lines overexpressing Ubqln4 and the respective controls. Data represents mean ± SD of triplicate assays. Student’s t-test, ***P < 0.001. b Cell cycle distributions of MKN45 stable cell line overexpressing Ubqln4 and the control cells were examined using flow cytometry. Percentages of cells in each phase are indicated. Student’s t-test, ***P < 0.001. c MKN45 stable cell lines overexpressing Ubqln4 and control cells were treated with nocodazole (100 μg/ml). Cell cycle distributions of cells harvested every 2 h for 12 h are shown. Quantification of G2/M cells are shown on the right. d MKN45 cells were treated with camptothecin (CPT, 1 μM), etoposide (ETO, 10 μM), or doxorubicin (DOX, 1 μM) for 24 h. Cell cycle distributions of cells were determined. On the right, the height of the bars represents the mean of the percentage of cells (‘p’, pLVX, or ‘U’, Ubqln4-overexpressing) in each phase. All experiments were performed in biological triplicates with three technical replicates