Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study, year | Study design | Population | Time Period | Anatomical Injury Location | Identifiable Pathologies | Gender Split | Total Runners | Total Injured Runners | Total Injuries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maughan and Miller (1983)c,d | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Marathon M & F (32 ± 8 y ) |
6 months |
Y | N | N | 497 | 287 | 358 |
| Linde (1986)c | Prospective Injury Questionnaire |
Orienteers M & F (19 – 34 y) |
1 year |
Y | N | N | 42 | _* | 73 |
| Collins et al. (1989)c | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Triathlon M & F (mean age: 32 y) |
1 year |
Y | S | N | 257 | _* | 105 |
| van Mechelen et al. (1993)b | RCT (Prospective Questionnaire) |
Recreational M (adults) |
16 weeks |
Y | N | MO | 327 | _* | 49 |
| Jakobsen et al. (1994)c,d | Prospective Controlled Trial (Prospective Questionnaire) | Recreational M & F (24 – 56 y) |
1 year |
Y | S | N | 20 | 13 | 21 |
| Wen et al. (1998)d | Cross-Sectional Associative Study (Retrospective Questionnaire) |
Experienced / Marathon Runners M & F (20 – 78 y) |
1 year |
Y | N | N | 304 | 136 | 217 |
| Williams et al. (2001) | Cross-Sectional Associative Study (Retrospective Questionnaire) |
Amateur M & F (18 – 50 y) |
_ | Y | N | N | 40 | _* | 134 |
| Chorley et al. (2002)d | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Novice & Amateur M & F (mean age: 34 y) |
3 years |
Y | N | N | 1548 | 590 | 977 |
| Taunton et al. (2003)a,b | Prospective Injury Questionnaire |
Recreational M & F (<30 - >56y) |
13 weeks |
Y | N | Y | 840 | 249 | _* |
| Taunton et al. (2002)a,b,c | Retrospective Analysis of Medical Records |
Amateur M & F (mean age: 34 y) |
2 years |
Y | Y | Y | 2002 | 2002 | 2002 |
| Lun et al. (2004)d | Cross-Sectional Associative Study (Retrospective Questionnaire) |
Recreational M & F (≥18 y) |
_ | Y | N | N | 87 | 80 | 170 |
| McKean et al. (2006)d | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Amateur Young (_ y) and Masters (>40y) M & F |
1 year |
S | S | N | 2825 | 1309 | 2271 |
| Van Middelkoop et al. (2008)b,d | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Marathon Participants M |
1 year |
Y | N | MO | 694 | 397 | 550 |
| Knobloch et al. (2008)c | Cross-Sectional / Retrospective Exposure and Injury Questionnaire | Master Athletes M & F (42 ± 9 y) |
Last season |
Y | Y | N | 291 | _* | 677 |
| Van Ginckel et al. (2009) | Prospective associative study |
Novice M & F (39 ± 10 y) |
10 weeks |
Y | S | N | 129 | _* | 69 |
| Ryan et al. (2011)a,d | RCT (Prospective Questionnaire) | Recreational F (18 – 50y) |
13 weeks |
Y | N | FO | 81 | 26 | 194 |
| Lopes et al. (2011)a,b,d | Cross Sectional Survey | Recreational 5-10km M & F (≥ 18 y) |
Current | Y | N | Y | 1049 | 227 | _* |
| Bredeweg et al. (2012) | RCT (Prospective Questionnaire) |
Novice M & F (18-65y) |
13 weeks |
Y | N | N | 362 | _* | 58 |
| Chang et al. (2012)d | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Recreational 10km – Marathon M & F (20 – 50y) |
_ | Y | N | N | 893 | 396 | 604 |
| Hespanhol Junior et al. (2012)c,d | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Recreational M & F (43 ± 10.5 y) |
1 year |
Y | S | N | 200 | 110 | 110* |
| Vadeboncoeur et al. (2012)a,d | Cross-Sectional Associative Study (Retrospective Questionnaire) |
Recreational Half-M / Marathon M & F (24 – 70y) |
30 days |
Y | N | Y | 194 | 62 | 62* |
| Hendricks and Phillips (2013)d | Prospective Injury Questionnaire |
Club Level M & F (≥ 19 y) |
16 weeks |
Y | N | N | 50 | 16 | 50 |
| Rasmussen et al. (2013)d | Retrospective Injury Questionnaire |
Recreational Marathon M & F (41 ± 10 y) |
12 months |
Y | N | N | 662 | 68 | _* |
| Hespanhol Junior et al. (2013)d | Prospective Injury Questionnaire |
Recreational M & F (43 ± 11 y) |
12 weeks |
Y | N | N | 191 | 60 | 84 |
| Ogwumike and Adeniyi (2013)d | Cross Sectional Survey | Marathon Participants |
_ | Y | N | N | 920 | 153 | 254 |
| Nielsen et al. (2014)a,b,c,d | Prospective Cohort Study |
Novice M & F (18 – 65 y) |
1 year |
Y | Y | Y | 930 | 254 | _* |
| Theisen et al. (2014)d | RCT (Prospective Questionnaire) |
Recreational M & F (42 ± 10 y) |
5 months |
Y | N | N | 247 | 69 | _* |
| Malisoux et al. (2015)d | Prospective Cohort Study |
Amateur M & F (>18y) |
22 weeks |
Y | N | N | 264 | 87 | _* |
| Altman and Davis (2016)c | Prospective Cohort Study |
Competitive Amateur M & F (18 – 50y) |
1 year |
Y* | Y | N | 201 | _* | 154 |
| Kerr et al. (2016)a,b | Retrospective Analysis of Medical Records |
Collegiate M&F |
4 years |
Y | N | Y | _* | _* | 476 |
| Teixeira et al. (2016)d | Cross Sectional Interview (Retrospective Pain Recall) |
Elite Marathon M & F (30 – 39y) |
12 months |
Y | N | N | 199 | 149 | 235 |
| van der Worp et al. (2016)a,d | Prospective Cohort Study |
Recreational 5 – 10km F (39 ± 12 y) |
12 weeks |
Y | N | FO | 373 | 93 | 102 |
| Malisoux et al. (2016a)d | RCT | Recreational M & F 18 – 65y |
6 months |
Y | N | N | 553 | 136 | 136* |
| Hespanhol Junior et al. (2016)c,d | Prospective Cohort Study (Retrospective & Prospective Questionnaire) |
Recreational M & F 44 y ± 11 y |
_ 12 weeks |
Y | Y | N | 89 89 |
49 24 |
78 33 |
| Smits et al. (2016) | Prospective Cohort |
Novice M & F 18 – 65y |
6 weeks |
Y | N | N | _* | 135 | 150 |
| Hespanhol Junior et al. (2017a)c,d | Prospective Cohort |
Trail M&F 43.4 y |
14 months |
Y | Y | N | 223 | 148 | 242 |
a= used to report anatomical location of injury in females
b=used to report anatomical location of injury in males
c=used to report overall proportions of specific injury pathology
d= used to report the overall prevalence of injury,
*=uncertainty about one of the following: the number of runners, the number of injured runners or the total number of injuries. M= male, F = female. MO=male only, FO=female only.