Table 1.
Summary of studies using delirium screening tests.
| Author (Date of Publication) | Population | Type of Study | Setting (Country) | Purposes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) (Inouye et al. 1990) [8] | ||||
| Lewis et al. (1995) [9] | 385 elderly patients | Cohort study | Emergency department (Canada) | Determine the likely presence of delirium and to examine the sensitivity of emergency physician’s routine histories and physical evaluations to identify this disorder. |
| Élie et al. (2000) [10] | 447 elderly patients | Comparative study | Primary acute care University-affiliated hospital (Canada) | Determine the prevalence of delirium in emergency department and the sensitivity and specificity of a conventional assessment by a physician for the detection of delirium. |
| Fabbri et al. (2001) [11] | 100 elderly patients | Validation study | Emergency Room of a teaching hospital (Brazil) | Investigate CAM’s reliability of its Brazilian version as well as its validity. |
| Monette et al. (2001) [12] | 116 elderly patients | Prospective study | Emergency Room (Canada) | Compare the results of the CAM assessment obtained by a trained non-physician interviewer and those obtained by a geriatrician. |
| Hustey et al. (2002) [13] | 297 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Urban teaching hospital emergency department (United States) | Determine the prevalence of mental status impairment in elderly emergency department and to assess documentation of and referrals by emergency physicians for mental status impairment after discharge |
| Hustey et al. (2003) [14] | 271 elderly patients Family members and other people close to the participant were also interviewed regarding CAM to account for the fluctuating nature of delirium | Prospective cross-sectional study | Urban teaching hospital emergency department (United States) | Determine the effect of screening evaluations for mental status impairment and prospectively assess recognition of mental status by emergency physicians. |
| Kakuma et al. (2003) [15] | 30 delirious and 77 nondelirious older individuals Family members and other people close to the participant were also interviewed regarding other measures to account for premorbid cognitive status and functional abilities. | Prospective study with 18 months of follow-up | Emergency department (Canada) | Determine if prevalent delirium is an independent predictor of mortality in older patients seen in the emergency department and discharged home without admission. |
| Naughton et al. (2005) [16] | 110 elderly patients | Pretest and posttest study | University-affiliated hospital (United States) | Admit cognitively impaired and older individuals with delirium from the emergency department to an acute geriatric unit and improve outcomes for cognitively impaired and delirious older adults |
| Vida et al. (2006) [17] | 259 elderly patients | Prospective cohort study | Emergency Department of University teaching and General Hospitals (Canada) | Determine if patients with delirium show poorer ADL, BADL or IADL at 6-, 12- and 18-month points than those without delirium and determine if delirium is an independent predictor of poorer ADL, IADL and BADL. |
| Hare et al. (2008) [18] | 28 elderly patients | Audit | Emergency Department (Australia) | Determine if routine cognitive screening of elderly patients in emergency department could lead to early identification of delirium. |
| Hare et al. (2014) [19] | 320 older patients | Prospective observational study | Emergency Department (Australia) | Derive a brief screening tool to predict the presence of delirium |
| Kennedy et al. (2014) [20] | 700 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Urban tertiary care emergency department (United States) | Create a risk prediction rule for emergency department delirium and compare mortality rates and resource utilization of delirious versus non-delirious elderly patients |
| Singler et al. (2014) [21] | 133 elderly patients | Prospective single center cohort study | Interdisciplinary emergency department of an university-affiliated hospital (Germany) | Assess the prevalence of delirium and its detection by emergency department physicians, and identify delirium-associated patient characteristics |
| Modified Confusion Assessment Method for the Emergency Department (mCAM-ED) (Grossmann et al. 2014) [22] | ||||
| Grossmann et al. (2014) [22] | 207 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Emergency Department of the University Hospital Basel, (Switzerland) | Investigate whether there is a need for a standardized delirium screening and assessment instrument in the ED; evaluate the feasibility of a new algorithm for delirium screening, detection and managementof delirium in the ED; assess interraterreliability of the developed mCAM-ED. |
| Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) (Ely et al. 2001) [23] | ||||
| Han et al. (2009) [24] | 341elderly patients | Prospective cross-sectional study | Tertiary care academic emergency department (United States) | Determine whether nursing home patients are more likely than non-nursing home patients to present to the emergency department with delirium and to explore how variations in their delirium risk facto profiles contribute to this association. |
| Han et al. (2009) [24] | 303 elderly patients | Prospective cross-sectional study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine how often delirium is missed in emergency department; identify delirium risk factors in older emergency department patients; to characterizes delirium by psychomotor subtypes in the emergency department setting. |
| Han et al. (2010) [4] | 629 elderly patients | Prospective cohort study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine if delirium is an independent predictor of 6-month mortality and assess if this relationship is modified by nursing home residence. |
| Han et al. (2011) [25] | 202 elderly patients | Cross-sectional study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine how delirium and dementia affect the accuracy of the presenting disease and discharge instruction comprehension in older emergency department |
| Han et al. (2011) [26] | 628 elderly patients | Prospective cohort study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine if delirium in the emergency department was an independent predictor of prolonged hospital length of stay |
| Suffoletto et al. (2013) [27] | 259 elderly patients | Prospective study | Teaching hospital emergency departments (United States) | Study whether emergency physicians identify delirium and examine each of the four individual features of delirium separately to determine the variation in identification across features |
| Mariz et al. (2013) [5] | 283 adult patients | Prospective cohort study | Urban tertiary care hospital (Portugal) | To determine delirium prevalence in an EDIMCU and assess routine biochemical parameters that might influence delirium occurrence |
| Han et al. (2014) [7] | 406 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine CAM-ICU validity and reliability in older emergency department patients |
| Sri-on et al. (2015) [28] | 232 elderly patients | Prospective cross-sectional study | Emergency department of an urban tertiary care hospital (Thailand) | Determine the prevalence of delirium and identify risk factors and short-term outcomes in delirious elderly emergency department patients. |
| Hsieh et al. (2015) [29] | 260 elderly patients | Prospective cohort study | Urban tertiary care hospital (United States) | Measure the prevalence and incidence of delirium in older adults as they transition from the emergency department to the inpatient ward; determine the association between delirium during early hospitalization and subsequent clinical deterioration |
| Delirium Triage Screen (DTS) (Han et al. 2013) [9] | ||||
| Han et al. (2013) [30] | 406 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine the diagnostic performances of novel assessments using the psychiatrist’s assessment as the reference standard |
| Brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM) (Han et al. 2013) [30] | ||||
| Han et al. (2013) [30] | 406 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine the diagnostic performances of novel assessments using the psychiatrist’s evaluation as the reference standard |
| Rizzi et al. (2015) [31] | 239 elderly patients | Observational, prospective, multicentric and cross-sectional study | Emergency department (Spain) | Investigate the presence of delirium at admission in patients with decompensated heart failure, identify their risk factors and analyze their impact on clinical outcomes |
| Neelon and Champagne Confusion Scale (NEECHAM) (Neelon, 1996) [32] | ||||
| Almató et al. (2012) [33] | 90 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Emergency monitoring area (Spain) | Estimate the prevalence of delirium in the emergency monitoring area and analyze the association between the presence of delirium with risk factors and precipitants. |
| Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) (Sessler et al. 2002) [34] | ||||
| Han et al. (2014) [35] | 1084 non-comatose elderly patients | Prospective cohort study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine if impaired arousal at initial presentation in older acutely ill patients predicted 6-month mortality and if this relationship was present in the absence of delirium. |
| Han et al. (2015) [36] | 406 elderly patients | Prospective observational study | Tertiary care, academic emergency department (United States) | Determine the diagnostic accuracy of the RASS for delirium |