Table 4.
PAK-signaling pathways are utilized by anti-diabetic drugs. The effect of anti-diabetic drugs metformin, glyburide, and pioglitazone on PAK signaling pathways as reported by the literature. Arrows indicate the effect of drug on PAK signaling pathway up (increases); down (decreases); up/down (both).
| PAK Signaling Pathways Utilized by Anti-diabetic Drugs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathway | Metformin | Glyburide | Glitazone | Citation |
| AMPK | ↑ | - | ↑ | [44,45] |
| MAPK-p38/JNK | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | [46,47,48,49] |
| MAPK-ERK | ↓ | - | ↑↓ | [47,50] |
| mTOR | ↓ | - | ↓ | [51,52,53] |
| NF-kB | ↓ | - | ↓ | [14,38,54,55] |
| p-PAK1 | ↑ | - | - | [44] |
| PI3K/AKT | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | [37,48] |
| PPAR-γ | - | - | ↑ | [27] |
| RAC1/CDC42 | ↑ | - | - | [47] |
| RAS | ↓ | - | - | [51] |
| ROS | - | ↑ | ↓ | [56] |
| VEGF | ↑↓ | - | ↑↓ | [57,58] |
| Wnt/ B-catenin | - | - | ↓ | [59,60] |