Fig. 5.

Functional characterization of SmAKT1 in yeast and Arabidopsis under low K⁺ condition. a SmAKT1 and AKT1 complement the K⁺ uptake-deficient yeast mutant R5421 on AP medium containing different K⁺ concentrations. b Real-time PCR verification of SmAKT1 and AKT1 expression in different plant materials. c Phenotype comparison of wild-type Arabidopsis (Col), akt1 mutant and two complementary lines (akt1/SmAKT1–1 and akt1/SmAKT1–2) grown on MS and LK (100 mM K⁺) medium for 7 d. d Average Fv/Fm values of the whole plant. Bars represent means ± SD of three biological replicates. Columns with different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 (Duncan’s test)