Table 1.
Characteristics of BMI at IP and BMI class at age 2 by mean or percent
| Characteristics | BMI at IP | BMI class at age 2 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Mean | SD | P | N (%) | Normal | Overweight | Obesity | χ 2 | P | |
| Maternal grandfather | 0.029 | 5.04 | 0.080 | |||||||
| normal | 1962 (93.7) | 18.36 | 1.56 | 2303 (93.9) | 1867 (81.1) | 291 (12.6) | 145 (6.3) | |||
| DM | 131 (6.3) | 18.66 | 1.58 | 149 (6.1) | 112 (75.2) | 21 (14.1) | 16 (10.7) | |||
| Maternal grandmother | 0.205 | 3.12 | 0.211 | |||||||
| normal | 2068 (96.1) | 18.37 | 1.57 | 2416 (96.1) | 1954 (80.9) | 304 (12.6) | 158 (6.5) | |||
| DM | 85 (3.9) | 18.58 | 1.33 | 97 (3.9) | 74 (76.3) | 18 (18.6) | 5 (5.2) | |||
| Paternal grandfather | 0.499 | 0.53 | 0.768 | |||||||
| normal | 1693 (93.7) | 18.36 | 1.55 | 1978 (93.6) | 1585 (80.1) | 263 (13.3) | 130 (6.6) | |||
| DM | 113 (6.3) | 18.47 | 1.71 | 135 (6.4) | 111 (82.2) | 15 (11.1) | 9 (6.7) | |||
| Paternal grandmother | 0.888 | 0.38 | 0.827 | |||||||
| normal | 1826 (95.6) | 18.36 | 1.55 | 2139 (95.7) | 1722 (80.5) | 283 (13.2) | 134 (6.3) | |||
| DM | 85 (4.4) | 18.39 | 1.42 | 96 (4.3) | 78 (81.3) | 11 (11.5) | 7 (7.3) | |||
| Infant gender | < 0.01 | 5.08 | 0.079 | |||||||
| boy | 1147 (51.0) | 18.57 | 1.53 | 1350 (51.4) | 1077 (79.8) | 193 (14.3) | 80 (5.9) | |||
| girl | 1101 (49.0) | 18.16 | 1.56 | 1276 (48.6) | 1036 (81.2) | 149 (11.7) | 91 (7.1) | |||
| Birth term | 0.174 | 1.64 | 0.441 | |||||||
| preterm | 80 (3.6) | 18.61 | 1.50 | 107 (4.1) | 81 (75.7) | 17 (15.9) | 9 (8.4) | |||
| in time | 2168 (96.4) | 18.36 | 1.56 | 2519 (95.9) | 2032 (80.7) | 325 (12.9) | 162 (6.4) | |||
| Maternal education | 0.732 | 0.08 | 0.962 | |||||||
| high school and below | 877 (39.0) | 18.36 | 1.54 | 1056 (40.2) | 847 (80.2) | 139 (13.2) | 70 (6.6) | |||
| college and above | 1371 (61.0) | 18.37 | 1.57 | 1570 (59.8) | 1266 (80.6) | 203 (12.9) | 101 (6.4) | |||
| GDM | 0.477 | 11.72 | < 0.01 | |||||||
| no | 1963 (87.3) | 18.36 | 1.55 | 2285 (87.0) | 1862 (81.5) | 282 (12.3) | 141 (6.2) | |||
| yes | 285 (12.7) | 18.43 | 1.63 | 341 (13.0) | 251 (73.6) | 60 (17.6) | 30 (8.8) | |||
| HDCP | 0.075 | 4.72 | 0.095 | |||||||
| no | 2110 (93.9) | 18.36 | 1.55 | 2457 (93.6) | 1986 (80.8) | 311 (12.7) | 160 (6.5) | |||
| yes | 138 (6.1) | 18.60 | 1.63 | 168 (6.4) | 126 (75) | 31 (18.5) | 11 (6.5) | |||
| Production times | 0.047 | 4.79 | 0.091 | |||||||
| first | 2040 (90.7) | 18.35 | 1.57 | 2388 (90.9) | 1934 (81.0) | 304 (12.7) | 150 (6.3) | |||
| others | 208 (9.3) | 18.58 | 1.44 | 238 (9.1) | 179 (75.2) | 38 (16.0) | 21 (8.8) | |||
| Delivery mode | 0.004 | 10.22 | < 0.01 | |||||||
| vaginal delivery | 1114 (49.6) | 18.28 | 1.47 | 1297 (49.4) | 1076 (83.0) | 147 (11.3) | 74 (5.7) | |||
| caesarean section | 1134 (50.4) | 18.47 | 1.63 | 1328 (50.6) | 1036 (78.0) | 195 (14.7) | 97 (7.3) | |||
| Feeding pattern | 0.052 | 9.07 | 0.059 | |||||||
| Complementary feeding | 625 (28.3) | 18.35 | 1.47 | 739 (28.7) | 602 (81.5) | 95 (12.9) | 42 (5.7) | |||
| Bottle feeding | 510 (23.1) | 18.24 | 1.43 | 581 (22.6) | 448 (77.1) | 95 (16.4) | 38 (6.5) | |||
| breastfeeding | 1076 (48.7) | 18.44 | 1.66 | 1254 (48.7) | 1020 (81.3) | 146 (11.6) | 88 (7.0) | |||
| Monthly income | 0.321 | 11.83 | 0.019 | |||||||
| < 360.5 | 594 (26.4) | 18.40 | 1.54 | 705 (26.8) | 553 (78.4) | 114 (16.2) | 38 (5.4) | |||
| 360.5–576.8 | 939 (41.7) | 18.41 | 1.57 | 1107 (42.2) | 889 (80.3) | 134 (12.1) | 84 (7.6) | |||
| > 576.8 | 715 (31.8) | 18.30 | 1.56 | 814 (31.0) | 671 (82.4) | 94 (11.5) | 49 (6.0) | |||
| Maternal age | 0.965 | 1.96 | 0.743 | |||||||
| 18–24 | 632 (28.1) | 18.39 | 1.57 | 748 (28.5) | 606 (81.0) | 97 (13.0) | 45 (6.0) | |||
| 25–29 | 1205 (53.6) | 18.37 | 1.57 | 1403 (53.4) | 1122 (80.0) | 190 (13.5) | 91 (6.5) | |||
| ≥30 | 411 (18.3) | 18.37 | 1.51 | 475 (18.1) | 385 (81.1) | 55 (11.6) | 35 (7.4) | |||
| Birth weight | < 0.01 | 23.29 | < 0.01 | |||||||
| normal | 2032 | 18.31 | 1.53 | 2355 (89.7) | 1920 (81.5) | 291 (12.4) | 144 (6.1) | |||
| low birth weight | 40 | 18.14 | 1.24 | 58 (2.2) | 48 (82.8) | 6 (10.3) | 6 (6.9) | |||
| macrosomia | 176 | 19.16 | 1.77 | 212 (8.1) | 144 (67.9) | 45 (21.2) | 23 (10.8) | |||
| Residence | 0.565 | 4.77 | 0.57 | |||||||
| city proper | 1808 (80.4) | 18.37 | 1.57 | 2096 (79.8) | 1691 (80.7) | 274 (13.1) | 131 (6.3) | |||
| suburbs | 239 (10.6) | 18.48 | 1.52 | 283 (10.8) | 230 (81.3) | 32 (11.3) | 21 (7.4) | |||
| county town | 40 (1.8) | 18.21 | 1.96 | 37 (1.4) | 29 (78.4) | 7 (18.9) | 1 (2.7) | |||
| countryside | 161 (7.2) | 18.29 | 1.54 | 210 (8.0) | 163 (77.6) | 29 (13.8) | 18 (8.6) | |||
| Paternal BMI | 23.44 | 3.56 | ||||||||
| Maternal BMI | 20.93 | 2.85 | ||||||||
| GWG | 17.93 | 5.01 | ||||||||
BMI body mass index, IP infancy peak, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, GWG gestational weight gain, HDCP hypertensive disorder complication pregnancy