Table 3.

Associations between incident CKD and long-term ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure in Taiwanese adults in stratified analyses between 2001 and 2011.

Subgroups	Participants/Cases	HR (95%CI)a	${\text{P}}_{\text{interaction}}$
Age
$<65\text{years}$	97698/3379	1.05 (1.00,1.09)	0.71
$\ge 65\text{years}$	2931/667	1.06 (0.96,1.16)
Sex
Male	52837/1955	1.08 (1.03,1.14)	0.28
Female	47792/2091	1.04 (0.99,1.10)
Smoking
Never	74712/3105	1.05 (1.00,1.09)	0.21
Ever	25917/941	1.12 (1.03,1.21)
BMI
$<25\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^2$	75693/2623	1.06 (1.01,1.11)	0.83
$\ge 25\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{m}}^2$	24936/1423	1.07 (1.00,1.14)
Hypertension
No	88026/2701	1.07 (1.03,1.12)	0.38
Yes	12603/1345	1.03 (0.97,1.10)
Diabetes
No	97387/3621	1.07 (1.03,1.11)	0.28
Yes	3242/425	0.99 (0.88,1.11)
Self-reported cardiovascular disease
No	98507/3803	1.07 (1.03,1.11)	0.09
Yes	2122/243	0.90 (0.76,1.06)

Note: Results (HR) are reported for each $10{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase in ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$. Data are complete for all variables.

^aAdjusted for age (not in age-stratified analysis), sex (not in sex-stratified analysis), educational level, smoking (not in smoking-stratified analysis), drinking, BMI (not in BMI-stratified analysis), systolic blood pressure (not in hypertension-stratified analysis), fasting glucose (not in diabetes-stratified analysis), total cholesterol, and self-reported heart disease or stroke (not in cardiovascular disease-stratified analysis). All covariates were from baseline visits.