Table 2.

Comparison of maternal urinary fluoride adjusted for covariates (BMI, maternal age, smoking status, glasses of water, as well as black and green tea consumption) as a function of residential fluoridation status. Values reported represent data from individuals who had valid urinary fluoride measurements at all three time points.

Fluoride measures	Fluoridated					Non-fluoridated						p-Value
	n	Mean	Median	SD	Range	n	Mean	Median	SD	Range	F-Value
MUF_Unadjusted (mg/L)	672	0.70	0.61	0.40	0.10–3.61	464	0.34	0.28	0.24	0.06–2.17	465.8	$<0.0001$
${\text{MUF}}_{\text{SG}}$ (mg/L)	672	0.71	0.62	0.38	0.10–3.12	463	0.41	0.34	0.28	0.08–2.78	347.1	$<0.0001$
${\text{MUF}}_{\mathrm{CRE}\_1}$ (mg/g)	528	1.15	0.99	0.65	0.19–4.18	369	0.60	0.50	0.40	0.14–3.56	309.7	$<0.0001$
${\text{MUF}}_{\mathrm{CRE}\_2}$ (mg/L)	530	0.87	0.74	0.50	0.14–3.80	370	0.46	0.38	0.34	0.11–3.62	305.4	$<0.0001$
WTP fluoride level (mg/L)	813	0.61	0.56	0.11	0.41–0.87	546	0.12	0.13	0.06	0.04–0.20	8562.6	$<0.0001$
SG	729	1.014	1.013	0.005	1.002–1.030	476	1.012	1.012	0.005	1.002–1.028	31.29	$<0.0001$
Creatinine (grams)	536	6.66	6.17	3.61	0.93–23.84	374	6.03	5.51	3.50	1.07–32.67	6.75	0.01

Note: BMI, body mass index; CRE, creatinine; MUF, maternal urinary fluoride; SD, standard deviation; SG, specific gravity; WTP, water treatment plant.