. 2019 Feb 5;6:3. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00003

Table 1.

Volatile compounds associated with Cellina di Nardò and Leccino Patè Olive cake (POC) unfermented (NF), fermented by selected yeast strain KI-30-1 (FY, 30 days) and fermented by yeast (FY, KI-30-1) and LAB (BC-T3-35) selected strains (FYL, 50 days).

Volatile compounds	Cellina di Nardò POC			Leccino POC
	NF	FY	FYL	NF	FY	FYL
	μg/Kg ± sd	μg/Kg ± sd	μg/Kg ± sd	μg/Kg ± sd	μg/Kg ± sd	μg/Kg ± sd
ESTERS
Ethyl acetate	0.95 ± 0.24^a	1.58 ± 0.44^a	2.76 ± 0.44^b	0.68 ± 0.16^a	3.87 ± 0.76^b	4.56 ± 0.94^b
Isomyl acetate	0.55 ± 0.11^a	1.38 ± 0.16^b	2.25 ± 0.36^c	nd	2.67 ± 0.56 ^a	3.82 ± 0.44^a
Methyl Hexanoate	nd	nd	0.55 ± 0.11	nd	0.15 ± 0.005^a	0.22 ± 0.07^a
Ethyl hexanoate	nd	3.87 ± 0.94^a	5.65 ± 1.56^a	nd	0.56 ± 0.08^a	0.71 ± 0.23^a
Hexyl acetate	nd	2.10 ± 0.56^a	2.29 ± 0.43^a	nd	0.18 ± 0.006^a	0.27 ± 0.06^b
Methyl octanoate	nd	nd	2.90 ± 0.55	nd	1.67 ± 0.07 ^a	2.70 ± 0.54^b
Ethyl octanoate	2.10 ± 0.43^a	6.18 ± 1.74^ab	10.57 ± 2.90^b	1.94 ± 0.34^a	5.37 ± 0.76^ab	7.95 ± 2.33^b
Methyl decanoate	nd	nd	0.31 ± 0.06	nd	nd	0.34 ± 0.06
Methyl 2 furoate	nd	3.26 ± 0.85^a	4.32 ± 0.54^a	1.95 ± 0.26^a	3.44 ± 0.73^ab	4.34 ± 0.74^b
Ethyl decanoate	nd	2.96 ± 0.43^a	4.86 ± 0.65^b	nd	0.25 ± 0.07^a	0.41 ± 0.06^b
Methyl salycilate	nd	3.06 ± 0.76^a	6.13 ± 2.56^b	nd	2.44 ± 0.48^a	3.80 ± 0.84^a
Phenyl acetate	0.87 ± 0.13^a	1.89 ± 0.47^b	2.80 ± 0.44^b	nd	1.95 ± 0.11^a	2.27 ± 0.54^a
Total	4.47 ± 0.91	26.68 ± 6.35	5.39 ± 10.60	4.57 ± 0.76	22.55 ± 3.63	26.83 ± 5.91
ALCOHOLS
2 Methylpropanol	0.71 ± 0.11^a	3.97 ± 0.66^b	4.17 ± 0.15^b	1.20 ± 0.07^a	3.77 ± 0.85^b	4.17 ± 0.85^b
Isoamylalcohols	nd	19.55 ± 4.17^a	28.4 ± 5.10^a	nd	20.67 ± 5.15^a	27.64 ± 4.77^a
Hexanol	nd	0.85 ± 0.14^a	1.71 ± 0.16^a	nd	nd	1.60 ± 0.45
3 Hexenol (Z)	2.10 ± 0.05^b	1.87 ± 0.35^b	1.12 ± 0.06^a	3.06 ± 0.65^b	2.93 ± 0.55^b	2.16 ± 0.46^a
1 Octen 3 ol	3.10 ± 0.44^b	1.84 ± 0.37^a	1.02 ± 0.06^a	3.78 ± 0.78^b	1.77 ± 0.54^a	1.23 ± 0.26^a
1 Heptanol	nd	nd	2.94 ± 0.46	nd	1.16 ± 0.05^a	2.99 ± 0.75^b
1 nonanol	nd	nd	1.77 ± 0.32	nd	nd	3.10 ± 0.55
Benzylalcohol	nd	nd	3.40 ± 0.48	nd	nd	2.94 ± 0.65
Phenylethanol	3.10 ± 0.93^a	17.05 ± 3.67^b	20.46 ± 4.06^b	nd	8.37 ± 2.15^a	10.35 ± 2.64^a
Total	9.01 ± 1.53	45.13 ± 9.36	64.99 ± 10.85	8.04 ± 1.50	38.67 ± 9.29	56.18 ± 11.38
ALDEHYDES
2 Heptanone	nd	nd	0.22 ± 0.05	nd	nd	nd
2 Hexenal	3.17 ± 0.44^b	0.56 ± 0.15^a	nd	nd	nd	nd
Octanal	0.78 ± 0.25^b	0.74 ± 0.18^b	0.34 ± 0.05^a	0.88 ± 0.20^b	0.38 ± 0.12^a	0.25 ± 0.07^a
cis 2-Decenal	nd	nd	nd	0.95 ± 0.25^b	0.46 ± 0.08^a	0.34 ± 0.05^a
Furfural	0.44 ± 0.06^a	1.28 ± 0.05^b	1.45 ± 0.15^b	nd	nd	nd
2 Octanone	3.10 ± 0.45^b	2.67 ± 0.46^b	0.32 ± 0.06^a	nd	2.26 ± 0.43^a	3.62 ± 0.47^b
Octanal	3.20 ± 0.55^b	0.56 ± 0.07^a	0.17 ± 0.04^a	2.86 ± 0.95^c	1.55 ± 0.63^b	0.21 ± 0.06^a
Nonanal	3.86 ± 0.48^b	2.15 ± 0.07^a	1.76 ± 0.16^a	3.10 ± 0.76^b	0.34 ± 0.07^a	nd
Decanal	4.28 ± 1.15^b	2.94 ± 0.45^b	1.06 ± 0.04^a	3.76 ± 0.56^c	1.93 ± 0.35^b	0.96 ± 0.06^a
Benzaldehyde	4.11 ± 0.83^c	2.50 ± 0.36^b	0.81 ± 0.23^a	3.93 ± 0.65^a	7.12 ± 2.84^b	10.82 ± 2.65^c
trans 2-Decenal	3.66 ± 0.46^c	1.94 ± 0.28^b	0.86 ± 0.34^a	3.54 ± 0.94^c	2.77 ± 0.73^b	1.38 ± 0.04^a
Cinnamaldehyde	0.35 ± 0.07^a	0.68 ± 0.32^b	0.81 ± 0.27^b	nd	nd	1.25 ± 0.12
Total	26.95 ± 4.74	16.02 ± 2.39	7.80 ± 1.39	19.02 ± 4.31	16.81 ± 5.25	18.83 ± 3.52
TERPENES
Citrale	0.06 ± 0.03^a	0.38 ± 0.06^b	0.59 ± 0.16^b	nd	nd	3.12 ± 0.55
Limonene	0.16 ± 0.05^a	0.40 ± 0.06^b	0.49 ± 0.17^b	0.14 ± 0.05^a	0.22 ± 0.05^a	0.30 ± 0.07^b
Trans-β-ocimene	0.95 ± 0.28^a	3.90 ± 0.45^b	4.13 ± 0.65^b	0.87 ± 0.15^a	3.56 ± 0.84^b	4.16 ± 0.64^b
Farnesene	0.37 ± 0.15^a	0.77 ± 0.14^b	0.87 ± 0.43^b	nd	nd	0.46 ± 0.15
Cis linalolox	nd	nd	0.41 ± 0.11	nd	nd	nd
Linalol	0.76 ± 0.23^a	1.83 ± 0.17^b	2.37 ± 0.43^b	nd	nd	nd
Total	2.30 ± 0.74	7.28 ± 0.88	8.86 ± 1.95	1.01 ± 0.20	3.78 ± 0.89	8.04 ± 1.41
HYDROCARBONS
Styrene	0.66 ± 0.15^a	2.98 ± 0.94^b	3.055 ± 1.05^b	1.20 ± 0.16^a	2.34 ± 0.66^b	2.60 ± 0.25^b
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
Dimethyl sulfide	0.55 ± 0.11^b	0.32 ± 0.08^a	0.24 ± 0.07^a	0.76 ± 0.12^b	0.67 ± 0.15^b	0.43 ± 0.12^a
Methionol	nd	0.55 ± 0.10^a	0.74 ± 0.22^a	nd	nd	0.70 ± 0.22
Total	0.55 ± 0.11	0.87 ± 0.18	0.98 ± 0.29	0.76 ± 0.12	0.67 ± 0.15	1.13 ± 0.35
NORISOPRENOIDS
β-damascenon	0.66 ± 0.004^a	1.56 ± 0.23^b	1.70 ± 0.17^b	0.054 ± 0.007^a	0.58 ± 0.08^b	0.60 ± 0.16^b
VOLATILE PHENOLS
Guaiacol	nd	nd	0.085 ± 0.015	nd	nd	0.50 ± 0.15
ACIDS
Acetic acid	nd	nd	4.21 ± 0.45	nd	nd	2.10 ± 0.44
Hexanoic acid	0.76 ± 0.25^a	2.17 ± 0.56^b	2.89 ± 0.37^b	nd	nd	3.21 ± 0.83
Octanoic acid	0.44 ± 0.15^a	1.93 ± 0.77^b	1.50 ± 0.15^b	nd	nd	0.92 ± 0.15
Total	1.20 ± 0.40	4.10 ± 1.33	8.60 ± 0.97			6.23 ± 1.42

Data is the mean of 3 replicate measurements ± standard deviation. nd, not detected. Within the same cultivar for each compound, different letters indicate significant differences within the same row (not fermented vs. fermented) (One-Way ANOVA, p < 0.05).