Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Pre-existing diabetes (N = 7249) | No pre-existing diabetes (N = 9275) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 76 (68–82) | 81 (73–86) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 82 (68–95) | 72 (60–84) | <0.001 |
| Men, n (%) | 3826 (52.8%) | 4289 (46.2%) | <0.001 |
| Transported by EMS, n (%) | 3323 (45.8%) | 4207 (45.4%) | 0.537 |
| Presenting features | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 146 (126–168) | 141 (123–163) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76 (65–89) | 78 (67–90) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 86 (71–102) | 88 (72–105) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (breath/min) | 22 (20–28) | 22 (20–26) | 0.004 |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 95 (91–97) | 95 (92–97) | 0.023 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Previous HF hospitalization | 2568 (35.4%) | 2573 (27.7%) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1237 (17.1%) | 1125 (12.1%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 4243 (58.5%) | 4399 (47.4%) | <0.001 |
| Previous coronary revascularizationa | 1746 (24.1%) | 1458 (15.7%) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 638 (8.8%) | 861 (9.3%) | 0.285 |
| Anaemia | 343 (4.7%) | 365 (3.9%) | 0.012 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1582 (21.8%) | 2075 (22.4%) | 0.400 |
| Hypertension | 5022 (69.3%) | 5320 (57.4%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke or transient ischaemic attack | 1325 (18.3%) | 1548 (16.7%) | 0.008 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1019 (14.1%) | 840 (9.1%) | <0.001 |
| Cirrhotic liver disease | 142 (2.0%) | 117 (1.3%) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive impairment | 573 (7.9%) | 1012 (10.9%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 753 (10.4%) | 1210 (13.0%) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 195 (2.7%) | 155 (1.7%) | <0.001 |
| LVEF | |||
| ≤45% | 3857 (53.2%) | 4389 (47.3%) | <0.001 |
| >45% | 3339 (46.1%) | 4820 (52.0%) | |
| Laboratory features | |||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 120 (107–134) | 126 (112–139) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139 (136–141) | 139 (136–142) | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4 (4–5) | 4 (4–5) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 111 (86–154) | 101 (81–132) | <0.001 |
| Non-normal troponin, n (%)b | 1117 (15.4%) | 1080 (11.6%) | <0.001 |
| Electrocardiographic features | |||
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 1854 (25.6%) | 3009 (32.4%) | <0.001 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 100 (88–129) | 100 (86–130) | 0.001 |
| Cardiac medications pre-admission, n (%) | |||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 4650 (64.1%) | 4666 (50.3%) | <0.001 |
| β-Adrenoreceptor antagonist | 3609 (49.8%) | 3890 (41.9%) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 1381 (19.1%) | 1681 (18.1%) | 0.128 |
| Furosemide | 4110 (56.7%) | 4386 (47.3%) | <0.001 |
| Metolazone | 173 (2.4%) | 115 (1.2%) | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone | 666 (9.2%) | 712 (7.7%) | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet agent (aspirin or clopidogrel) | 3263 (45.0%) | 3471 (37.4%) | <0.001 |
| Warfarin | 1952 (26.9%) | 2575 (27.8%) | 0.232 |
| HMG-coA reductase inhibitor | 3607 (49.8%) | 2858 (30.8%) | <0.001 |
IQR, interquartile range; EMS, emergency medical services; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; HMG-coA, 5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A.
aPercutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
bGreater than the upper limit of normal.