Table 1.
Study type | Studies identified by expert panel | Studies identified from country submissions to UNEP or WHO-Europe | Studies identified by electronic search | Sampling year | Minimum sample size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. National biomonitoring | Yes | Yes | Yes | Any | N/A |
B. Longitudinal birth cohort | Yes | Yes | Yes | Any; but a minimum of 2 sampling periods | N/A |
C. Cross-sectional studiesa | |||||
General populations (HIC) | No | N/A | Yes | 2000–present | |
General populations (LMIC) | Yes | N/A | Yes | 2000–present | |
Vulnerable populations (HIC) | No | N/A | Yes | 2000–present | |
Vulnerable Populations (LMIC) | Yes | N/A | Yes | 2000–present |
Note: All studies provided a point estimate of central tendency (median, geometric mean) and a measure of variation from which an upper bound could be determined. HIC, high-income countries; LMIC, low- and middle-income countries; N/A, not applicable; UNEP, UN Environment Programme; WHO-Europe, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
HIC and LMIC were as categorized by the World Bank (Fantom and Serajuddin 2016).